Cascade upconversion: a strategy enabling four-photon lithography in weak light intensity

Abstract Multiphoton lithography offers the minimum feature size available in submicron scale true 3D printing, but excessive femtosecond laser intensity prevents it from leading to higher photon counts. To circumvent away this effect, we present a cascade upconversion strategy, which is a combinati...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Shishuo Li, Kai Li, Chenqi Yi, Xingyu Gao, Zongsong Gan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Nature Communications
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-61533-3
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