Autism spectrum disorders and childhood caries: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization study

Abstract Background This study aimed to investigate the causal relationships between autism spectrum disorder (ASD) or pervasive developmental disorder (PDD) (excluding ASD and Asperger’s syndrome [AS]) and childhood caries (primary teeth and permanent teeth). Methods We conducted two-sample Mendeli...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Qiufang Jin, Zexiu He, Dongfang Xu, Ruihua Lin, Tongtong Zhang, Bingjian Lv, Yuliang Zhao
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Pediatrics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-025-05839-7
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