Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability
Concrete production is a significant contributor to CO2 emissions and the depletion of natural resources, such as river sand and freshwater. However, these environmental impacts can be mitigated by incorporating seawater, sea-sand, and agricultural waste into concrete. Palm-oil fuel ash (POFA), an a...
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Elsevier
2025-07-01
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| Series: | Case Studies in Construction Materials |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509524012816 |
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| author | Dahlia Patah Amry Dasar Amalia Nurdin |
| author_facet | Dahlia Patah Amry Dasar Amalia Nurdin |
| author_sort | Dahlia Patah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Concrete production is a significant contributor to CO2 emissions and the depletion of natural resources, such as river sand and freshwater. However, these environmental impacts can be mitigated by incorporating seawater, sea-sand, and agricultural waste into concrete. Palm-oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural by-product from palm oil production, is often discarded in open spaces and landfills without prior processing, leading to environmental contamination. When finely ground into ultrafine POFA (UPOFA), it enhances material properties and pozzolanic reactions, making it suitable as a partial replacement for cement. After grinding with a disc mill, the UPOFA particles achieve a fineness of approximately 50 μm. However, limited research exists on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with seawater, sea-sand, and UPOFA. This study investigates the use of POFA as a partial cement replacement (10 %, 20 %, and 30 %) in concrete mixed with seawater and sea-sand, focusing on its role in sustainability. The study further evaluates the mechanical properties and durability of seawater sea-sand concrete incorporating UPOFA as a cement replacement. The results indicate that using seawater for mixing concrete containing 10 % UPOFA significantly enhances its mechanical properties, with the highest compressive strength of 37.95 MPa at 28 d (UP10-RS-SW), a 10.82 MPa (39.90 %) increase compared to the normal concrete (N-RS-TW), which had a compressive strength of 27.13 MPa. Additionally, the incorporation of 10 % UPOFA as a cement replacement improved compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and corrosion resistance while reducing water absorption, porosity, and chloride penetration depth. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-efd646d01a58447d87067b30be965ac8 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2214-5095 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
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| series | Case Studies in Construction Materials |
| spelling | doaj-art-efd646d01a58447d87067b30be965ac82025-01-03T04:08:42ZengElsevierCase Studies in Construction Materials2214-50952025-07-0122e04129Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durabilityDahlia Patah0Amry Dasar1Amalia Nurdin2Corresponding author.; Department of Civil Engineering, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene 91214, IndonesiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene 91214, IndonesiaDepartment of Civil Engineering, Universitas Sulawesi Barat, Majene 91214, IndonesiaConcrete production is a significant contributor to CO2 emissions and the depletion of natural resources, such as river sand and freshwater. However, these environmental impacts can be mitigated by incorporating seawater, sea-sand, and agricultural waste into concrete. Palm-oil fuel ash (POFA), an agricultural by-product from palm oil production, is often discarded in open spaces and landfills without prior processing, leading to environmental contamination. When finely ground into ultrafine POFA (UPOFA), it enhances material properties and pozzolanic reactions, making it suitable as a partial replacement for cement. After grinding with a disc mill, the UPOFA particles achieve a fineness of approximately 50 μm. However, limited research exists on the mechanical properties and durability of concrete made with seawater, sea-sand, and UPOFA. This study investigates the use of POFA as a partial cement replacement (10 %, 20 %, and 30 %) in concrete mixed with seawater and sea-sand, focusing on its role in sustainability. The study further evaluates the mechanical properties and durability of seawater sea-sand concrete incorporating UPOFA as a cement replacement. The results indicate that using seawater for mixing concrete containing 10 % UPOFA significantly enhances its mechanical properties, with the highest compressive strength of 37.95 MPa at 28 d (UP10-RS-SW), a 10.82 MPa (39.90 %) increase compared to the normal concrete (N-RS-TW), which had a compressive strength of 27.13 MPa. Additionally, the incorporation of 10 % UPOFA as a cement replacement improved compressive strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, and corrosion resistance while reducing water absorption, porosity, and chloride penetration depth.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509524012816Sustainable concreteSeawaterSea-sandUltrafine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA)CorrosionDurability |
| spellingShingle | Dahlia Patah Amry Dasar Amalia Nurdin Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability Case Studies in Construction Materials Sustainable concrete Seawater Sea-sand Ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA) Corrosion Durability |
| title | Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability |
| title_full | Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability |
| title_fullStr | Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability |
| title_full_unstemmed | Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability |
| title_short | Sustainable concrete using seawater, sea-sand, and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash: Mechanical properties and durability |
| title_sort | sustainable concrete using seawater sea sand and ultrafine palm oil fuel ash mechanical properties and durability |
| topic | Sustainable concrete Seawater Sea-sand Ultrafine palm oil fuel ash (UPOFA) Corrosion Durability |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214509524012816 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT dahliapatah sustainableconcreteusingseawaterseasandandultrafinepalmoilfuelashmechanicalpropertiesanddurability AT amrydasar sustainableconcreteusingseawaterseasandandultrafinepalmoilfuelashmechanicalpropertiesanddurability AT amalianurdin sustainableconcreteusingseawaterseasandandultrafinepalmoilfuelashmechanicalpropertiesanddurability |