Associations of caffeine and caffeine metabolites with sex hormones among 6–19-year-old children and adolescents

Abstract We aimed to assess the associations between caffeine and its metabolites and sex steroid hormones among children (aged 6–11 years) and adolescents (aged 12–19 years) using data from the U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANCES) conducted in 2013–2014. A total of 579 in...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Shengping Li, Zhichao Yuan, Yong Zhao, Nianrong Wang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06330-0
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