NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV Charging
A battery pack plays a vital role in an Electric Vehicle (EV), for it stores the energy and releases it to provide a reliable energy output. However, because of variations and imbalance in individual cell characteristics, the cells connected in a pack do not contain the same State of Charge (SoC) le...
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IEEE
2025-01-01
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| author | Muhammad Azmat Ullah Afaq Ahmed Ali Arshad Uppal Qadeer Ahmed |
| author_facet | Muhammad Azmat Ullah Afaq Ahmed Ali Arshad Uppal Qadeer Ahmed |
| author_sort | Muhammad Azmat Ullah |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | A battery pack plays a vital role in an Electric Vehicle (EV), for it stores the energy and releases it to provide a reliable energy output. However, because of variations and imbalance in individual cell characteristics, the cells connected in a pack do not contain the same State of Charge (SoC) level—leading to poor EV performance and battery health deterioration. Therefore, in this work, active cell balancing is performed during overnight charging to ensure the same charge level among the cells by the end of the charging cycle. For this purpose, a high-fidelity mean current model is presented for a switched capacitor-(SC) based architecture comprising N cells for a generalized battery pack. Furthermore, this model is incorporated into a feedback control system utilizing Non-linear Model Predictive Control (NMPC). Since balancing losses are a primary factor during overnight charging, the SC-based NMPC is also compared with a buck-boost (BB) converter architecture under the same conditions. For each framework, extensive simulations are conducted by varying the weights of different terms in the cost function of the NMPC problem. The simulation results demonstrate that both SC- and BB-based architectures have been able to achieve balancing, wherein the average balancing time of SC is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$186~\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> more than that of BB. However, in terms of average power losses and energy dissipation, SC incurred <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$288~\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$31~\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> fewer losses than BB, respectively. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-dc63edab3d3f4678861d50f2d297714d |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2169-3536 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | IEEE |
| record_format | Article |
| series | IEEE Access |
| spelling | doaj-art-dc63edab3d3f4678861d50f2d297714d2025-08-20T03:40:17ZengIEEEIEEE Access2169-35362025-01-011313601613602610.1109/ACCESS.2025.359412911104143NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV ChargingMuhammad Azmat Ullah0https://orcid.org/0009-0007-9197-7552Afaq Ahmed1https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0938-9182Ali Arshad Uppal2https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8016-5152Qadeer Ahmed3https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4438-8663Department of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Electrical Engineering, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, PakistanDepartment of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Scott Laboratory, Columbus, OH, USAA battery pack plays a vital role in an Electric Vehicle (EV), for it stores the energy and releases it to provide a reliable energy output. However, because of variations and imbalance in individual cell characteristics, the cells connected in a pack do not contain the same State of Charge (SoC) level—leading to poor EV performance and battery health deterioration. Therefore, in this work, active cell balancing is performed during overnight charging to ensure the same charge level among the cells by the end of the charging cycle. For this purpose, a high-fidelity mean current model is presented for a switched capacitor-(SC) based architecture comprising N cells for a generalized battery pack. Furthermore, this model is incorporated into a feedback control system utilizing Non-linear Model Predictive Control (NMPC). Since balancing losses are a primary factor during overnight charging, the SC-based NMPC is also compared with a buck-boost (BB) converter architecture under the same conditions. For each framework, extensive simulations are conducted by varying the weights of different terms in the cost function of the NMPC problem. The simulation results demonstrate that both SC- and BB-based architectures have been able to achieve balancing, wherein the average balancing time of SC is <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$186~\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> more than that of BB. However, in terms of average power losses and energy dissipation, SC incurred <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$288~\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$31~\%$ </tex-math></inline-formula> fewer losses than BB, respectively.https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11104143/Active cell balancingbidirectional switched capacitor-based architecturenonlinear model predictive controlovernight charging |
| spellingShingle | Muhammad Azmat Ullah Afaq Ahmed Ali Arshad Uppal Qadeer Ahmed NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV Charging IEEE Access Active cell balancing bidirectional switched capacitor-based architecture nonlinear model predictive control overnight charging |
| title | NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV Charging |
| title_full | NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV Charging |
| title_fullStr | NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV Charging |
| title_full_unstemmed | NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV Charging |
| title_short | NMPC-Based Performance Evaluation of Active Balancing Networks of Li-ion Batteries for Overnight EV Charging |
| title_sort | nmpc based performance evaluation of active balancing networks of li ion batteries for overnight ev charging |
| topic | Active cell balancing bidirectional switched capacitor-based architecture nonlinear model predictive control overnight charging |
| url | https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/11104143/ |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT muhammadazmatullah nmpcbasedperformanceevaluationofactivebalancingnetworksofliionbatteriesforovernightevcharging AT afaqahmed nmpcbasedperformanceevaluationofactivebalancingnetworksofliionbatteriesforovernightevcharging AT aliarshaduppal nmpcbasedperformanceevaluationofactivebalancingnetworksofliionbatteriesforovernightevcharging AT qadeerahmed nmpcbasedperformanceevaluationofactivebalancingnetworksofliionbatteriesforovernightevcharging |