Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings
This study focuses on the development of flame-retardant fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, which are typically fire-intolerant despite their excellent mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Incorporating modified resins, metallic surface coatings, and graphene powder improved the com...
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| Language: | English |
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Elsevier
2025-03-01
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| Series: | Hybrid Advances |
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| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X24002343 |
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| author | Md Shafinur Murad Abdulhammed K. Hamzat Eylem Asmatulu Ersin Bahçeci Mete Bakir Ramazan Asmatulu |
| author_facet | Md Shafinur Murad Abdulhammed K. Hamzat Eylem Asmatulu Ersin Bahçeci Mete Bakir Ramazan Asmatulu |
| author_sort | Md Shafinur Murad |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | This study focuses on the development of flame-retardant fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, which are typically fire-intolerant despite their excellent mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Incorporating modified resins, metallic surface coatings, and graphene powder improved the composite's fire resistance and reduced smoke emissions properties. The composites were fabricated using a wet-layup process under vacuum. Thermal stability, flammability, and smoke production characteristics were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), UL94 vertical flame test, and standardized smoke and toxicity tests. The addition of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and Cu film surface coating led to superior smoke suppression with negligible smoke production (maximum Ds of 0–4, VOF4 of 1 at 180–240 s), whereas unmodified composites showed significant smoke development (maximum Ds of 759 at 240 s, VOF4 of 1157). Because DOPO and matrix interacted to form a char layer, the modified test samples passed the UL 94 vertical flame tests with a V0 rating. The metal films also enhanced fire-shielding and heat-dissipation, which resulted in a synergistic effect of chemical and physical protection with minimum release of toxic gases. This research could lead to composites with reduced emissions of harmful gases and minimal smoke formations with better fire-retardant properties. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-da763240c4f046a0ab6d4c086e947afe |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2773-207X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | Elsevier |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Hybrid Advances |
| spelling | doaj-art-da763240c4f046a0ab6d4c086e947afe2025-01-06T04:09:10ZengElsevierHybrid Advances2773-207X2025-03-018100373Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatingsMd Shafinur Murad0Abdulhammed K. Hamzat1Eylem Asmatulu2Ersin Bahçeci3Mete Bakir4Ramazan Asmatulu5Department of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, USADepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, USATurkish Aerospace Industry, Inc., Fethiye Mah., Havacilik Bulvari, Kahramankazan, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Iskenderun Technical University, Hatay, TurkeyTurkish Aerospace Industry, Inc., Fethiye Mah., Havacilik Bulvari, Kahramankazan, Ankara, Turkey; Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ankara Yildirim Beyazit University, Etlik, Kecioren, Ankara, TurkeyDepartment of Mechanical Engineering, Wichita State University, 1845 Fairmount, Wichita, KS, USA; Corresponding author.This study focuses on the development of flame-retardant fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites, which are typically fire-intolerant despite their excellent mechanical, chemical, and thermal properties. Incorporating modified resins, metallic surface coatings, and graphene powder improved the composite's fire resistance and reduced smoke emissions properties. The composites were fabricated using a wet-layup process under vacuum. Thermal stability, flammability, and smoke production characteristics were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), UL94 vertical flame test, and standardized smoke and toxicity tests. The addition of 9,10-dihydro-9-oxo-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) and Cu film surface coating led to superior smoke suppression with negligible smoke production (maximum Ds of 0–4, VOF4 of 1 at 180–240 s), whereas unmodified composites showed significant smoke development (maximum Ds of 759 at 240 s, VOF4 of 1157). Because DOPO and matrix interacted to form a char layer, the modified test samples passed the UL 94 vertical flame tests with a V0 rating. The metal films also enhanced fire-shielding and heat-dissipation, which resulted in a synergistic effect of chemical and physical protection with minimum release of toxic gases. This research could lead to composites with reduced emissions of harmful gases and minimal smoke formations with better fire-retardant properties.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X24002343Fiber-reinforced compositesModified resinsMetallic film coatingsFire retardancySmoke densityToxicity level |
| spellingShingle | Md Shafinur Murad Abdulhammed K. Hamzat Eylem Asmatulu Ersin Bahçeci Mete Bakir Ramazan Asmatulu Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings Hybrid Advances Fiber-reinforced composites Modified resins Metallic film coatings Fire retardancy Smoke density Toxicity level |
| title | Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings |
| title_full | Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings |
| title_fullStr | Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings |
| title_full_unstemmed | Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings |
| title_short | Studying flame-retardancy, smoke and toxicity of fiber-reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings |
| title_sort | studying flame retardancy smoke and toxicity of fiber reinforced composites manufactured via modified resins and metallic coatings |
| topic | Fiber-reinforced composites Modified resins Metallic film coatings Fire retardancy Smoke density Toxicity level |
| url | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773207X24002343 |
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