Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control
Abstract Insufficient research on green antiscalants necessitates further investigations. In a comparative study, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), a non-green antiscalant, was assessed alongside three green antiscalants: a citric acid and sodium citrate mixture (CA-SC) with a 1:1 molar ratio, polyas...
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SpringerOpen
2025-06-01
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| Series: | Applied Water Science |
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| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02516-z |
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| author | Mohamed Sobhi Belal N. Mahran Saad S. M. Hassan |
| author_facet | Mohamed Sobhi Belal N. Mahran Saad S. M. Hassan |
| author_sort | Mohamed Sobhi |
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| description | Abstract Insufficient research on green antiscalants necessitates further investigations. In a comparative study, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), a non-green antiscalant, was assessed alongside three green antiscalants: a citric acid and sodium citrate mixture (CA-SC) with a 1:1 molar ratio, polyaspartic acid (PASP) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The saline solution 30 mM CaSO4. The inhibitory efficiency (IE. %) of each antiscalant was determined based on dosage, pH and ionic strength (I) using the standard static test. Additionally, the current prices of the antiscalants were evaluated. PASP was identified through FTIR and GPC/SEC analyses. While XRD was employed to characterize the CaSO4 crystals. The polymeric green antiscalants, PASP and CMC, exhibited higher IE.%. At the same pH, I and dosage PASP and CA-SC demonstrated an IE. of 96%, SHMP had 80% and CMC had 58%. Antiscalant performance was better in basic conditions than in acidic conditions, although CMC showed a consistent performance across both environments. An increase in I resulted in an increase in IE. %, but SHMP and CA-SC exhibited alternating IE. % due to variations in electrostatic interactions. PASP and CMC are a promising green antiscalants; however, PASP requires some structural modifications to enhance efficacy and reduce industrial production costs. In contrast, CMC needs a controlled dosage for ease of application. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-d69bca1e8a024a20ac350ce9ca2b62f5 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2190-5487 2190-5495 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-06-01 |
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| series | Applied Water Science |
| spelling | doaj-art-d69bca1e8a024a20ac350ce9ca2b62f52025-08-20T03:43:14ZengSpringerOpenApplied Water Science2190-54872190-54952025-06-0115711410.1007/s13201-025-02516-zComparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale controlMohamed Sobhi0Belal N. Mahran1Saad S. M. Hassan2Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring (CLEQM), National Water Research Center (NWRC)Central Laboratory for Environmental Quality Monitoring (CLEQM), National Water Research Center (NWRC)Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams UniversityAbstract Insufficient research on green antiscalants necessitates further investigations. In a comparative study, sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP), a non-green antiscalant, was assessed alongside three green antiscalants: a citric acid and sodium citrate mixture (CA-SC) with a 1:1 molar ratio, polyaspartic acid (PASP) and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The saline solution 30 mM CaSO4. The inhibitory efficiency (IE. %) of each antiscalant was determined based on dosage, pH and ionic strength (I) using the standard static test. Additionally, the current prices of the antiscalants were evaluated. PASP was identified through FTIR and GPC/SEC analyses. While XRD was employed to characterize the CaSO4 crystals. The polymeric green antiscalants, PASP and CMC, exhibited higher IE.%. At the same pH, I and dosage PASP and CA-SC demonstrated an IE. of 96%, SHMP had 80% and CMC had 58%. Antiscalant performance was better in basic conditions than in acidic conditions, although CMC showed a consistent performance across both environments. An increase in I resulted in an increase in IE. %, but SHMP and CA-SC exhibited alternating IE. % due to variations in electrostatic interactions. PASP and CMC are a promising green antiscalants; however, PASP requires some structural modifications to enhance efficacy and reduce industrial production costs. In contrast, CMC needs a controlled dosage for ease of application.https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02516-zScale inhibitorPolyaspartic acidGreen antiscalantReverse osmosis desalination calcium sulfate scales |
| spellingShingle | Mohamed Sobhi Belal N. Mahran Saad S. M. Hassan Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control Applied Water Science Scale inhibitor Polyaspartic acid Green antiscalant Reverse osmosis desalination calcium sulfate scales |
| title | Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control |
| title_full | Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control |
| title_fullStr | Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control |
| title_short | Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and SHMP for calcium sulfate scale control |
| title_sort | comparative analysis of the effectiveness of green antiscalants and shmp for calcium sulfate scale control |
| topic | Scale inhibitor Polyaspartic acid Green antiscalant Reverse osmosis desalination calcium sulfate scales |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1007/s13201-025-02516-z |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mohamedsobhi comparativeanalysisoftheeffectivenessofgreenantiscalantsandshmpforcalciumsulfatescalecontrol AT belalnmahran comparativeanalysisoftheeffectivenessofgreenantiscalantsandshmpforcalciumsulfatescalecontrol AT saadsmhassan comparativeanalysisoftheeffectivenessofgreenantiscalantsandshmpforcalciumsulfatescalecontrol |