Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel <i>SOX4</i> Mutation Predisposing to Coffin–Siris Syndromic Congenital Heart Disease
<b>Background/Objectives:</b> Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in ~1% of all live neonates globally, rendering it the most prevalent developmental anomaly affecting humans; this condition confers substantial infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there is ample evidence...
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| Main Authors: | , , , , , , , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| Series: | Children |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9067/12/5/608 |
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| Summary: | <b>Background/Objectives:</b> Congenital heart disease (CHD) occurs in ~1% of all live neonates globally, rendering it the most prevalent developmental anomaly affecting humans; this condition confers substantial infant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although there is ample evidence to suggest a paramount genetic basis for CHD, the genetic etiologies underpinning the majority of CHD remain elusive. In the present study, <i>SOX4</i> was selected as a significant candidate gene for human CHD, mainly because SOX4 is abundantly expressed in both human and murine hearts during embryogenesis, and the knockout of <i>Sox4</i> in mice causes embryonic demise predominantly attributable to cardiovascular developmental defects. <b>Methods:</b> Sequencing analysis of <i>SOX4</i> was fulfilled in 248 probands affected with various types of CHD and the available relatives of the identified variation carrier as well as 262 unrelated healthy individuals. Functional analysis of the mutant SOX4 protein was conducted by utilizing a dual-reporter gene system. <b>Results:</b> a novel heterozygous <i>SOX4</i> variation, NM_003107.3:c.331G>T;p.(Glu111*), was discovered in a male proband with Coffin–Siris syndromic CHD. Genetic investigation of the proband’s available relatives revealed that the truncating variation co-segregated with the phenotype in the whole family. The nonsense variation was absent from 262 healthy controls. Functional analysis demonstrated that the Glu111*-mutant SOX4 lost transactivation on <i>NKX2.5</i> and <i>GATA4</i>, two well-established genes that are causative factors for CHD. Moreover, the Glu111* mutation nullified the synergistic transactivation between SOX4 and TBX20, another CHD-causing gene. <b>Conclusions:</b> These findings support <i>SOX4</i> as a causative gene accountable for familial Coffin–Siris syndromic CHD in humans. These findings may aid in developing personalized preventive and therapeutic strategies for patients with Coffin–Siris syndromic CHD. |
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| ISSN: | 2227-9067 |