Development of an electrical current stimulator for controlling biohybrid machines

Abstract Soft and flexible robotics is an emerging field that attracts a huge interest due to its ability to produce bioinspired devices that are easily adaptable to the environment. Biohybrid Machines (BHM) represent a category of soft robots that integrate biological tissues, such as engineered mu...

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Main Authors: Riccardo Collu, Judith Fuentes, Florencia Lezcano, Maria Crespo-Cuadraro, Andrea Bartolucci, Leonardo Ricotti, Lorenzo Vannozzi, Samuel Sánchez, Stefano Lai, Massimo Barbaro
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-06465-0
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Summary:Abstract Soft and flexible robotics is an emerging field that attracts a huge interest due to its ability to produce bioinspired devices that are easily adaptable to the environment. Biohybrid Machines (BHM) represent a category of soft robots that integrate biological tissues, such as engineered muscle tissues, as actuating systems. Although these devices present several advantages in some applications, their proper actuation still represents a challenge for researchers. This paper focuses on the development of a portable and programmable electrical stimulator designed to control muscle fiber-based biohybrid actuators. The stimulator, made using off-the-shelf components, was designed as a stacking of three independent printed circuit boards (PCBs), connected vertically in order to result in a final device with compact dimensions of 59 mm $$\times$$ × 28 mm $$\times$$ × 25 mm. The stimulation circuit is capable of delivering currents up to 18 mA with a voltage compliance of ± 90 V, and a power consumption of approximately 1.3 W. The device’s ability to induce twitch and tetanic contractions in a biohybrid actuator is demonstrated in different stimulation conditions. A practical application was also explored through a test case involving a flexible catheter prototype controlled by a biohybrid actuator, demonstrating its potential utility in a BHMs.
ISSN:2045-2322