Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries
Metal anodes, such as those based on Ca, Mg, Na and Li, are considered to be one of the keys to the further development of high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. The thickness of these metal anodes directly affects the energy density of the battery. However, the fabrication of thin anodes poses...
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MDPI AG
2025-03-01
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| author | Christoph Kiesl Reinhard Böck Holger Kaßner Joachim Häcker Marco Kögel Timo Sörgel Şeniz Sörgel |
| author_facet | Christoph Kiesl Reinhard Böck Holger Kaßner Joachim Häcker Marco Kögel Timo Sörgel Şeniz Sörgel |
| author_sort | Christoph Kiesl |
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| description | Metal anodes, such as those based on Ca, Mg, Na and Li, are considered to be one of the keys to the further development of high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. The thickness of these metal anodes directly affects the energy density of the battery. However, the fabrication of thin anodes poses technical challenges which often result in using excessively thick metal anodes in batteries. Here we present, for the first time, a study on the development of a thin Ca battery anode fabricated by electrodeposition. The battery anode with a thickness of approximately 10 µm corresponds to a charge density of 4.0 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>. This study systematically investigates the electrodeposition behavior of Ca using a 1.0 M Ca(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in THF as the electrolyte. A systematic evaluation of electrodeposition parameters—including substrate pretreatment, current density, hydrodynamics and charge density by area—is conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and complementary image analysis provide detailed insights into these parameters. Electrodeposition offers a promising route to achieve a defined battery cell balance with minimal excess of metal at the anode. This will improve overall battery performance and efficiency. The findings contribute to the advancement of fundamental aspects of rechargeable batteries, particularly Ca-based batteries. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c7c3254b0d3b45ef8cfab3b217f2cc95 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2079-4991 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-03-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
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| series | Nanomaterials |
| spelling | doaj-art-c7c3254b0d3b45ef8cfab3b217f2cc952025-08-20T03:43:31ZengMDPI AGNanomaterials2079-49912025-03-0115645410.3390/nano15060454Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium BatteriesChristoph Kiesl0Reinhard Böck1Holger Kaßner2Joachim Häcker3Marco Kögel4Timo Sörgel5Şeniz Sörgel6Department of Electrochemical Energy Systems, Research Institute (fem), Katharinenstraße 13-17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, GermanyDepartment of Electrochemical Energy Systems, Research Institute (fem), Katharinenstraße 13-17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, GermanyDepartment of Electrochemical Energy Systems, Research Institute (fem), Katharinenstraße 13-17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, GermanyInstitute of Engineering Thermodynamics, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Pfaffenwaldring 38-40, 70569 Stuttgart, GermanyNatural and Medical Sciences Institute, University of Tuebingen (NMI), Markwiesenstraße 55, 72770 Reutlingen, GermanyCenter for Electrochemical Surface Technology (ZEO), Aalen University of Applied Sciences, Beethovenstraße 1, 73430 Aalen, GermanyDepartment of Electrochemical Energy Systems, Research Institute (fem), Katharinenstraße 13-17, 73525 Schwaebisch Gmuend, GermanyMetal anodes, such as those based on Ca, Mg, Na and Li, are considered to be one of the keys to the further development of high-energy-density rechargeable batteries. The thickness of these metal anodes directly affects the energy density of the battery. However, the fabrication of thin anodes poses technical challenges which often result in using excessively thick metal anodes in batteries. Here we present, for the first time, a study on the development of a thin Ca battery anode fabricated by electrodeposition. The battery anode with a thickness of approximately 10 µm corresponds to a charge density of 4.0 mAh cm<sup>−2</sup>. This study systematically investigates the electrodeposition behavior of Ca using a 1.0 M Ca(BH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub> in THF as the electrolyte. A systematic evaluation of electrodeposition parameters—including substrate pretreatment, current density, hydrodynamics and charge density by area—is conducted. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and complementary image analysis provide detailed insights into these parameters. Electrodeposition offers a promising route to achieve a defined battery cell balance with minimal excess of metal at the anode. This will improve overall battery performance and efficiency. The findings contribute to the advancement of fundamental aspects of rechargeable batteries, particularly Ca-based batteries.https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/6/454calciummultivalent metal batterymetal anodeelectroplatingelectrodepositionelectrocrystallization |
| spellingShingle | Christoph Kiesl Reinhard Böck Holger Kaßner Joachim Häcker Marco Kögel Timo Sörgel Şeniz Sörgel Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries Nanomaterials calcium multivalent metal battery metal anode electroplating electrodeposition electrocrystallization |
| title | Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries |
| title_full | Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries |
| title_fullStr | Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries |
| title_full_unstemmed | Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries |
| title_short | Towards Thin Calcium Metal Anodes—An Essential Component for High-Energy-Density Calcium Batteries |
| title_sort | towards thin calcium metal anodes an essential component for high energy density calcium batteries |
| topic | calcium multivalent metal battery metal anode electroplating electrodeposition electrocrystallization |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2079-4991/15/6/454 |
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