Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421
Abstract Due to its proximity, Markarian 421 is one of the most extensively studied jetted active galactic nuclei. Its spectral energy distribution and light curve are widely studied, serving as primary means for understanding jet radiation mechanisms. Numerous intriguing observational results have...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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SpringerOpen
2025-07-01
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| Series: | European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| Online Access: | https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14468-4 |
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| author | Rui Xue Ze-Rui Wang Hai-Bin Hu |
| author_facet | Rui Xue Ze-Rui Wang Hai-Bin Hu |
| author_sort | Rui Xue |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Abstract Due to its proximity, Markarian 421 is one of the most extensively studied jetted active galactic nuclei. Its spectral energy distribution and light curve are widely studied, serving as primary means for understanding jet radiation mechanisms. Numerous intriguing observational results have been discovered, some of which, such as the hard X-ray excess, and the associated variability between X-ray and very-high-energy (VHE) emissions, challenge the commonly adopted one-zone leptonic model. In this work, by establishing a time-dependent leptohadronic model, we explore whether the hard X-ray excess and the associated variability between X-ray and VHE emissions could be interpreted by emission from hadronic interactions. Our modeling finds that for the hard X-ray excess found in 2013, both of the secondary emissions from photohadronic and hadronuclear interactions could be a possible explanation for the hard X-ray excess without introducing a super-Eddington jet power. The emission from the photohadronic interactions contributes only to the hard X-ray band, while the hadronuclear interactions also predict VHE emissions associated with the hard X-rays. While for the hard X-ray excess found in 2016, only the secondary emissions from photohadronic interactions provide an interpretation at the cost of introducing a super-Eddington jet power. For the associated variability between X-ray and VHE emissions in 2017, we find that hadronic interactions fail to provide a possible interpretation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-c29d45ab9d1541c0ae9bc4f0e14399d0 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1434-6052 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-07-01 |
| publisher | SpringerOpen |
| record_format | Article |
| series | European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| spelling | doaj-art-c29d45ab9d1541c0ae9bc4f0e14399d02025-08-20T04:03:06ZengSpringerOpenEuropean Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields1434-60522025-07-0185712310.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14468-4Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421Rui Xue0Ze-Rui Wang1Hai-Bin Hu2Department of Physics, Zhejiang Normal UniversityCollege of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Qilu Normal UniversityDepartment of Physics, Zhejiang Normal UniversityAbstract Due to its proximity, Markarian 421 is one of the most extensively studied jetted active galactic nuclei. Its spectral energy distribution and light curve are widely studied, serving as primary means for understanding jet radiation mechanisms. Numerous intriguing observational results have been discovered, some of which, such as the hard X-ray excess, and the associated variability between X-ray and very-high-energy (VHE) emissions, challenge the commonly adopted one-zone leptonic model. In this work, by establishing a time-dependent leptohadronic model, we explore whether the hard X-ray excess and the associated variability between X-ray and VHE emissions could be interpreted by emission from hadronic interactions. Our modeling finds that for the hard X-ray excess found in 2013, both of the secondary emissions from photohadronic and hadronuclear interactions could be a possible explanation for the hard X-ray excess without introducing a super-Eddington jet power. The emission from the photohadronic interactions contributes only to the hard X-ray band, while the hadronuclear interactions also predict VHE emissions associated with the hard X-rays. While for the hard X-ray excess found in 2016, only the secondary emissions from photohadronic interactions provide an interpretation at the cost of introducing a super-Eddington jet power. For the associated variability between X-ray and VHE emissions in 2017, we find that hadronic interactions fail to provide a possible interpretation.https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14468-4 |
| spellingShingle | Rui Xue Ze-Rui Wang Hai-Bin Hu Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421 European Physical Journal C: Particles and Fields |
| title | Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421 |
| title_full | Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421 |
| title_fullStr | Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421 |
| title_full_unstemmed | Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421 |
| title_short | Time-dependent leptohadronic modeling of Markarian 421 |
| title_sort | time dependent leptohadronic modeling of markarian 421 |
| url | https://doi.org/10.1140/epjc/s10052-025-14468-4 |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT ruixue timedependentleptohadronicmodelingofmarkarian421 AT zeruiwang timedependentleptohadronicmodelingofmarkarian421 AT haibinhu timedependentleptohadronicmodelingofmarkarian421 |