Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst
We present timing and spectral analyses of Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and IXPE observations of the magnetar 1E 1841−045 covering 82 days following its 2024 August bursting activity as well as radio observations utilizing MeerKA...
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2025-01-01
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| author | George Younes Samuel K. Lander Matthew G. Baring Marlon L. Bause Rachael Stewart Zaven Arzoumanian Hoa Dinh Thi Teruaki Enoto Keith C. Gendreau Tolga Güver Alice K. Harding Wynn C. G. Ho Chin-Ping Hu Alex Van Kooten Chryssa Kouveliotou Niccolò Di Lalla Alexander McEwen Michela Negro Mason Ng David M. Palmer Laura G. Spitler Zorawar Wadiasingh |
| author_facet | George Younes Samuel K. Lander Matthew G. Baring Marlon L. Bause Rachael Stewart Zaven Arzoumanian Hoa Dinh Thi Teruaki Enoto Keith C. Gendreau Tolga Güver Alice K. Harding Wynn C. G. Ho Chin-Ping Hu Alex Van Kooten Chryssa Kouveliotou Niccolò Di Lalla Alexander McEwen Michela Negro Mason Ng David M. Palmer Laura G. Spitler Zorawar Wadiasingh |
| author_sort | George Younes |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | We present timing and spectral analyses of Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and IXPE observations of the magnetar 1E 1841−045 covering 82 days following its 2024 August bursting activity as well as radio observations utilizing MeerKAT and Effelsberg. We supplement our study with a historical NuSTAR observation and all 2024 preoutburst NICER observations. The outburst is marked by an X-ray flux enhancement of a factor of 1.6 compared to the historical level, predominantly driven by a newly formed nonthermal emitting component with a photon index Γ = 1.5. This flux showed a 20% decay at the end of our monitoring campaign. The radio monitoring did not reveal any pulsed radio emission with an upper limit of 20 mJy and 50 mJy ms on the mean flux density and single pulse fluence, respectively. We detect a spin-up glitch at outburst onset with Δ ν = 6.1 × 10 ^−8 Hz and ${\rm{\Delta }}\dot{\nu }=-1.4\times 1{0}^{-14}$ Hz s ^−1 , consistent with the near universality of this behavior among the continuously monitored magnetars. Most intriguingly, the 1E 1841−045 2–10 keV pulse profile is markedly different compared to preoutburst: it shows a new, narrow (0.1 cycle) peak that appears to shift toward merging with the main, persistently present, pulse. This is the second case of pulse-peak migration observed in magnetars after SGR 1830−0645, and the two sources exhibit a similar rate of phase shift. This implies that this phenomenon is not unique and might present itself in the broader population. The newly formed peak for 1E 1841−045 is nonthermal, with emission extending to ≳20 keV, in contrast to the case of SGR 1830−0645. Our results are consistent with an untwisting magnetic field bundle with migration toward the magnetic pole, perhaps accompanied by plastic motion of the crust. |
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| institution | Kabale University |
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| spelling | doaj-art-c0fb14062c894b498cad0347d3e7e69c2025-08-20T04:02:13ZengIOP PublishingThe Astrophysical Journal1538-43572025-01-0198918910.3847/1538-4357/ade716Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in OutburstGeorge Younes0https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7991-028XSamuel K. Lander1Matthew G. Baring2https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4433-1365Marlon L. Bause3https://orcid.org/0009-0006-3567-981XRachael Stewart4https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0254-5915Zaven Arzoumanian5https://orcid.org/0009-0008-6187-8753Hoa Dinh Thi6https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9268-5577Teruaki Enoto7https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1244-3100Keith C. Gendreau8https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7115-2819Tolga Güver9https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3531-9842Alice K. Harding10https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6119-859XWynn C. G. Ho11https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6089-6836Chin-Ping Hu12https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8551-2002Alex Van Kooten13https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3905-4853Chryssa Kouveliotou14https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1443-593XNiccolò Di Lalla15https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7574-1298Alexander McEwen16Michela Negro17https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6548-5622Mason Ng18https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0940-6563David M. Palmer19https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7128-0802Laura G. Spitler20https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3775-8291Zorawar Wadiasingh21https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9249-0515Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA ; george.a.younes@nasa.gov; Astrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USASchool of Engineering, Mathematics and Physics, University of East Anglia , Norwich NR4 7TJ, UKDepartment of Physics and Astronomy—MS 108, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USAMax Planck Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyDepartment of Physics, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052, USAAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy—MS 108, Rice University , 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77251-1892, USADepartment of Physics, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University , Kitashirakawa Oiwake-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8502, JapanAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USAIstanbul University , Science Faculty, Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Beyazıt, 34119 Istanbul, Turkey; Istanbul University Observatory Research and Application Center, Istanbul University, 34119 Istanbul, TurkeyTheoretical Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM 87545, USADepartment of Physics and Astronomy, Haverford College , 370 Lancaster Avenue, Haverford, PA 19041, USADepartment of Physics, National Changhua University of Education , Changhua 50007, TaiwanDepartment of Physics, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052, USADepartment of Physics, The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052, USA; Astronomy, Physics and Statistics Institute of Sciences (APSIS), The George Washington University , Washington, DC 20052, USADepartment of Physics and Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USACenter for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland , Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA ; george.a.younes@nasa.govDepartment of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University , Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USADepartment of Physics, McGill University , 3600 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2T8, Canada; Trottier Space Institute, McGill University , 3550 rue University, Montréal, QC H3A 2A7, CanadaLos Alamos National Laboratory , Los Alamos, NM 87544, USA; New Mexico Consortium , Los Alamos, NM 87544, USAMax Planck Institut für Radioastronomie , Auf dem Hügel 69, 53121 Bonn, GermanyAstrophysics Science Division, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA Goddard Space Flight Center , Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA; Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland , College Park, MD 20742, USAWe present timing and spectral analyses of Neutron star Interior Composition Explorer (NICER), Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR), and IXPE observations of the magnetar 1E 1841−045 covering 82 days following its 2024 August bursting activity as well as radio observations utilizing MeerKAT and Effelsberg. We supplement our study with a historical NuSTAR observation and all 2024 preoutburst NICER observations. The outburst is marked by an X-ray flux enhancement of a factor of 1.6 compared to the historical level, predominantly driven by a newly formed nonthermal emitting component with a photon index Γ = 1.5. This flux showed a 20% decay at the end of our monitoring campaign. The radio monitoring did not reveal any pulsed radio emission with an upper limit of 20 mJy and 50 mJy ms on the mean flux density and single pulse fluence, respectively. We detect a spin-up glitch at outburst onset with Δ ν = 6.1 × 10 ^−8 Hz and ${\rm{\Delta }}\dot{\nu }=-1.4\times 1{0}^{-14}$ Hz s ^−1 , consistent with the near universality of this behavior among the continuously monitored magnetars. Most intriguingly, the 1E 1841−045 2–10 keV pulse profile is markedly different compared to preoutburst: it shows a new, narrow (0.1 cycle) peak that appears to shift toward merging with the main, persistently present, pulse. This is the second case of pulse-peak migration observed in magnetars after SGR 1830−0645, and the two sources exhibit a similar rate of phase shift. This implies that this phenomenon is not unique and might present itself in the broader population. The newly formed peak for 1E 1841−045 is nonthermal, with emission extending to ≳20 keV, in contrast to the case of SGR 1830−0645. Our results are consistent with an untwisting magnetic field bundle with migration toward the magnetic pole, perhaps accompanied by plastic motion of the crust.https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade716High energy astrophysics |
| spellingShingle | George Younes Samuel K. Lander Matthew G. Baring Marlon L. Bause Rachael Stewart Zaven Arzoumanian Hoa Dinh Thi Teruaki Enoto Keith C. Gendreau Tolga Güver Alice K. Harding Wynn C. G. Ho Chin-Ping Hu Alex Van Kooten Chryssa Kouveliotou Niccolò Di Lalla Alexander McEwen Michela Negro Mason Ng David M. Palmer Laura G. Spitler Zorawar Wadiasingh Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst The Astrophysical Journal High energy astrophysics |
| title | Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst |
| title_full | Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst |
| title_fullStr | Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst |
| title_full_unstemmed | Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst |
| title_short | Timing and Spectral Evolution of the Magnetar 1E 1841-045 in Outburst |
| title_sort | timing and spectral evolution of the magnetar 1e 1841 045 in outburst |
| topic | High energy astrophysics |
| url | https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ade716 |
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