Evaluation of the impact of Izmit Gulf bottom mud on the microstructure and technical properties of porcelain tiles
Recycling waste, using new potential local raw materials, and ecological practices have become necessary in today's world. This study added Izmit Gulf bottom mud waste as a replacement for clay in porcelain tile compositions at 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight (both in its natural form and its form c...
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| Main Authors: | , |
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
| Published: |
Elsevier
2025-09-01
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| Series: | Boletín de la Sociedad Española de Cerámica y Vidrio |
| Subjects: | |
| Online Access: | http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0366317525000445 |
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| Summary: | Recycling waste, using new potential local raw materials, and ecological practices have become necessary in today's world. This study added Izmit Gulf bottom mud waste as a replacement for clay in porcelain tile compositions at 5%, 10%, and 15% by weight (both in its natural form and its form calcined at 1000 °C). The samples sintered under industrial heating at 1220 °C were evaluated for firing shrinkage, density, green and fired flexural strength, and water absorption values and compared with standard porcelain tiles. Phase analysis was carried out using X-ray diffraction, and microstructural characteristics were examined using a scanning electron microscope. Notably, the samples containing 10% bottom mud showed green strength twice as high as the standard and a maximum fired strength of 85 MPa. X-ray diffraction revealed the formation of quartz, mullite, and sillimanite crystals in the waste-added samples. Calcination reduced the fluxing components and adversely affected rheology, making the natural form of waste more effective. At 15% addition, porosity increased, leading to deterioration in mechanical and physical properties. The A3 composition studied here is proposed as a promising alternative for producing a more sustainable, affordable, and environmentally friendly porcelain tile product. Resumen: El reciclaje de residuos, el uso de nuevas materias primas locales y las prácticas ecológicas son hoy esenciales. En este estudio, se añadieron lodos del fondo del golfo de Izmit como sustitutos de la arcilla en composiciones de baldosas de porcelana al 5, 10 y 15% en peso, en forma natural y calcinada (1000 °C). Las muestras fueron sinterizadas a 1220 °C y evaluadas según contracción por cocción, densidad, resistencia a la flexión (en verde y cocidas) y absorción de agua, comparándolas con baldosas estándar. Se realizaron análisis de fases por difracción de rayos X y caracterización microestructural por microscopía electrónica de barrido. Las muestras con el 10% de lodo mostraron una resistencia en verde doble respecto al estándar, y una resistencia cocida máxima de 85 MPa. Se identificaron cristales de cuarzo, mullita y sillimanita. La calcinación redujo componentes fundentes y afectó negativamente la reología, favoreciendo el uso de residuos en forma natural. Con un 15% de adición, aumentó la porosidad, deteriorando las propiedades. La composición A3 se presenta como una alternativa prometedora para la fabricación de gres porcelánico más sostenible, económica y respetuosa con el medio ambiente. |
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| ISSN: | 0366-3175 |