The effect of grade retention on performance in Spanish students: a propensity score matching approach

Abstract Background Grade retention is an educational aspect that concerns teachers, families, and experts. It implies an economic cost for families, as well as a personal cost for the student, who is forced to study one more year. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effect of course repe...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Jaime León, Fernando Martínez-Abad
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-03-01
Series:Large-scale Assessments in Education
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s40536-025-00243-0
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