Health risk assessment of cadmium, lead, iron, and zinc exposure from food and cigarettes in Pakistani smokers

Health risk assessment of cadmium, lead, iron, and zinc exposure from food and cigarettes in Pakistani smokers

Aim and background: Smoking is a major contributor to illnesses and deaths, strongly associated with cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, and chronic pulmonary diseases. This study aims to analyze the levels of trace metals (Pb, Cd) and their potential impact on vital metals (Fe, Zn) in cigarette sm...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Hamza Shafiq, Mamoona Amir, Aneela Hameed, Amir Ismail, Siti Suhaila Binti Harith, Areeba Usman
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-09-01
Series:Journal of Trace Elements and Minerals
Subjects:
Blood
Cadmium
Cigarette
Iron
Lead
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2773050625000424
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