Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensions

Abstract We discuss two methods for relating bosonic and fermionic relativistic field theories in 2+1 dimensions, the ℤ 2 f $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^f $$ gauging and the flux attachment. The first is primarily a correspondence between topological theories. It amounts to summing over fermionic spin structur...

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Main Authors: Andrea Cappelli, Riccardo Villa
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: SpringerOpen 2025-07-01
Series:Journal of High Energy Physics
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2025)107
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author Andrea Cappelli
Riccardo Villa
author_facet Andrea Cappelli
Riccardo Villa
author_sort Andrea Cappelli
collection DOAJ
description Abstract We discuss two methods for relating bosonic and fermionic relativistic field theories in 2+1 dimensions, the ℤ 2 f $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^f $$ gauging and the flux attachment. The first is primarily a correspondence between topological theories. It amounts to summing over fermionic spin structures, as is familiar in two-dimensional conformal theories.Its inverse map, fermionization, shows how spin structures and ℤ 2 f $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^f $$ fermion parity emerge from a bosonic theory equipped with a dual ℤ 2 1 $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^{(1)} $$ generalized symmetry. The second method, flux attachment, gives spin and statistics to charged particles by coupling them to a Chern-Simons theory, and provides the basis for Abelian dualities. We illustrate the two bosonizations with explicit results in a solvable semiclassical conformal theory, and show their differences and interplays with particle-vortex dualities. We employ the so-called loop model, which can describe general infrared critical points in 2+1 dimensions in the semiclassical limit. We also combine the two bosonizations to obtain further duality relations. By applying ℤ 2 f $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^f $$ gauging to the Dirac-boson and Majorana-boson flux-attachment dualities, we find new relations between bosonic theories.
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spelling doaj-art-a68d88a7ba3c43f1805e778bcdefcf0c2025-08-20T03:45:44ZengSpringerOpenJournal of High Energy Physics1029-84792025-07-012025714610.1007/JHEP07(2025)107Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensionsAndrea Cappelli0Riccardo Villa1INFN, Sezione di FirenzeINFN, Sezione di FirenzeAbstract We discuss two methods for relating bosonic and fermionic relativistic field theories in 2+1 dimensions, the ℤ 2 f $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^f $$ gauging and the flux attachment. The first is primarily a correspondence between topological theories. It amounts to summing over fermionic spin structures, as is familiar in two-dimensional conformal theories.Its inverse map, fermionization, shows how spin structures and ℤ 2 f $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^f $$ fermion parity emerge from a bosonic theory equipped with a dual ℤ 2 1 $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^{(1)} $$ generalized symmetry. The second method, flux attachment, gives spin and statistics to charged particles by coupling them to a Chern-Simons theory, and provides the basis for Abelian dualities. We illustrate the two bosonizations with explicit results in a solvable semiclassical conformal theory, and show their differences and interplays with particle-vortex dualities. We employ the so-called loop model, which can describe general infrared critical points in 2+1 dimensions in the semiclassical limit. We also combine the two bosonizations to obtain further duality relations. By applying ℤ 2 f $$ {\mathbb{Z}}_2^f $$ gauging to the Dirac-boson and Majorana-boson flux-attachment dualities, we find new relations between bosonic theories.https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2025)107Anomalies in Field and String TheoriesScale and Conformal SymmetriesTopological Field TheoriesTopological States of Matter
spellingShingle Andrea Cappelli
Riccardo Villa
Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensions
Journal of High Energy Physics
Anomalies in Field and String Theories
Scale and Conformal Symmetries
Topological Field Theories
Topological States of Matter
title Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensions
title_full Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensions
title_fullStr Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensions
title_full_unstemmed Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensions
title_short Bosonizations and dualities in 2+1 dimensions
title_sort bosonizations and dualities in 2 1 dimensions
topic Anomalies in Field and String Theories
Scale and Conformal Symmetries
Topological Field Theories
Topological States of Matter
url https://doi.org/10.1007/JHEP07(2025)107
work_keys_str_mv AT andreacappelli bosonizationsanddualitiesin21dimensions
AT riccardovilla bosonizationsanddualitiesin21dimensions