Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental Analysis
Lithium-ion batteries have been increasingly demonstrated in reuse applications for environmental and economic reasons, and stationary energy storage systems (ESS) and mobile ESS are emerging as reuse applications for electric vehicle batteries. Most mobile ESS deployments are at large scales, neces...
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MDPI AG
2025-01-01
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/1/155 |
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| author | Sungsik Choi Keunhyung Lee Jaehoon Kim Seun Oh Jaehyun Joo Eunsoo Bae Hyeonu Lee Misung Kim |
| author_facet | Sungsik Choi Keunhyung Lee Jaehoon Kim Seun Oh Jaehyun Joo Eunsoo Bae Hyeonu Lee Misung Kim |
| author_sort | Sungsik Choi |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Lithium-ion batteries have been increasingly demonstrated in reuse applications for environmental and economic reasons, and stationary energy storage systems (ESS) and mobile ESS are emerging as reuse applications for electric vehicle batteries. Most mobile ESS deployments are at large scales, necessitating experimental data on thermal runaway (TR) to ensure comprehensive safety. In this study, TR induction and suppression experiments were conducted using fully charged NCM-based batteries at the cell (750 Wh), module (7.5 kWh), and pack (74 kWh) levels. The stepwise TR experiments measured changes in temperature, voltage, heat release rate, volatile organic compound concentrations, and vent gas composition. The suppression experiments assessed the effective water injection rate, timing, and volume required to mitigate TR propagation. The results demonstrate that in the case of TR caused by thermal abuse, early detection of battery abnormalities is possible through monitoring pre-TR indicators, such as temperature and vent gas concentration. It was also confirmed that CO<sub>2</sub> injections can effectively cool the battery without causing damage. Furthermore, it is proposed that rapid water injection, directly contacting the battery immediately after the onset of TR, can successfully prevent TR propagation. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-9c85dfe9d234483bb5d28f42ef51a696 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1996-1073 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Energies |
| spelling | doaj-art-9c85dfe9d234483bb5d28f42ef51a6962025-01-10T13:17:15ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732025-01-0118115510.3390/en18010155Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental AnalysisSungsik Choi0Keunhyung Lee1Jaehoon Kim2Seun Oh3Jaehyun Joo4Eunsoo Bae5Hyeonu Lee6Misung Kim7Korea Testing & Research Institute, 98, Gyoyugwon-ro, Gwacheon-si 13810, Republic of KoreaKorea Testing & Research Institute, 98, Gyoyugwon-ro, Gwacheon-si 13810, Republic of KoreaKorea Testing & Research Institute, 98, Gyoyugwon-ro, Gwacheon-si 13810, Republic of KoreaKorea Testing & Research Institute, 98, Gyoyugwon-ro, Gwacheon-si 13810, Republic of KoreaKorea Testing & Research Institute, 98, Gyoyugwon-ro, Gwacheon-si 13810, Republic of KoreaKorea Energy Solution Institute, 405, Expo-ro, Daejeon 34051, Republic of KoreaKorea Gas Safety Corporation, 1467-51, Songhakjucheon-ro, Yeongwol-gun 26203, Republic of KoreaKorea Testing & Research Institute, 98, Gyoyugwon-ro, Gwacheon-si 13810, Republic of KoreaLithium-ion batteries have been increasingly demonstrated in reuse applications for environmental and economic reasons, and stationary energy storage systems (ESS) and mobile ESS are emerging as reuse applications for electric vehicle batteries. Most mobile ESS deployments are at large scales, necessitating experimental data on thermal runaway (TR) to ensure comprehensive safety. In this study, TR induction and suppression experiments were conducted using fully charged NCM-based batteries at the cell (750 Wh), module (7.5 kWh), and pack (74 kWh) levels. The stepwise TR experiments measured changes in temperature, voltage, heat release rate, volatile organic compound concentrations, and vent gas composition. The suppression experiments assessed the effective water injection rate, timing, and volume required to mitigate TR propagation. The results demonstrate that in the case of TR caused by thermal abuse, early detection of battery abnormalities is possible through monitoring pre-TR indicators, such as temperature and vent gas concentration. It was also confirmed that CO<sub>2</sub> injections can effectively cool the battery without causing damage. Furthermore, it is proposed that rapid water injection, directly contacting the battery immediately after the onset of TR, can successfully prevent TR propagation.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/1/155lithium-ion batteriesthermal runawayvent gasTR propagationTR suppression |
| spellingShingle | Sungsik Choi Keunhyung Lee Jaehoon Kim Seun Oh Jaehyun Joo Eunsoo Bae Hyeonu Lee Misung Kim Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental Analysis Energies lithium-ion batteries thermal runaway vent gas TR propagation TR suppression |
| title | Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental Analysis |
| title_full | Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental Analysis |
| title_fullStr | Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental Analysis |
| title_full_unstemmed | Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental Analysis |
| title_short | Early Detection and Suppression of Thermal Runaway in Large-Format Lithium-Ion Batteries: Insights from Experimental Analysis |
| title_sort | early detection and suppression of thermal runaway in large format lithium ion batteries insights from experimental analysis |
| topic | lithium-ion batteries thermal runaway vent gas TR propagation TR suppression |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/1/155 |
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