Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic Environments

The integration of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with Long Range Radio (LoRa)-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems for extensive wide-area coverage has gained traction in academia and industry, challenging traditional terrestrial resource optimization designed for semi-static single-base-statio...

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Main Authors: Chen Zhang, Haoyou Peng, Yonghua Ji, Tao Hong, Gengxin Zhang
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2025-05-01
Series:Sensors
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/11/3318
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author Chen Zhang
Haoyou Peng
Yonghua Ji
Tao Hong
Gengxin Zhang
author_facet Chen Zhang
Haoyou Peng
Yonghua Ji
Tao Hong
Gengxin Zhang
author_sort Chen Zhang
collection DOAJ
description The integration of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with Long Range Radio (LoRa)-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems for extensive wide-area coverage has gained traction in academia and industry, challenging traditional terrestrial resource optimization designed for semi-static single-base-station environments. This paper addresses LEO’s high dynamics and satellite-ground channel variability by introducing a beacon-triggered framework for LoRa-LEO IoT systems as a foundation for resource optimization. Then, in order to decouple the intertwined objectives of optimizing energy efficiency and maximizing the data extraction rate, an adaptive spreading factor (SF) allocation algorithm is proposed to mitigate collisions and resource waste, followed by a practical dynamic power control mechanism optimizing LoRa device power usage. Simulations validate that the proposed adaptive resource optimization outperforms conventional methods in dynamic, resource-constrained LEO environments, offering a robust solution for satellite IoT applications. In terms of energy efficiency and data extraction rate, the algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms other comparative algorithms. When the number of users reaches 3000, the energy efficiency is improved by at least 119%, and the data extraction rate is increased by at least 48%.
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institution Kabale University
issn 1424-8220
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publishDate 2025-05-01
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spelling doaj-art-9ab0b3ece3e24f9aaaa27a4519d7ade32025-08-20T03:46:49ZengMDPI AGSensors1424-82202025-05-012511331810.3390/s25113318Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic EnvironmentsChen Zhang0Haoyou Peng1Yonghua Ji2Tao Hong3Gengxin Zhang4College of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, ChinaCollege of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, ChinaCollege of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, ChinaCollege of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, ChinaCollege of Telecommunications and Information Engineering, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing 210003, ChinaThe integration of Low-Earth Orbit (LEO) satellites with Long Range Radio (LoRa)-based Internet of Things (IoT) systems for extensive wide-area coverage has gained traction in academia and industry, challenging traditional terrestrial resource optimization designed for semi-static single-base-station environments. This paper addresses LEO’s high dynamics and satellite-ground channel variability by introducing a beacon-triggered framework for LoRa-LEO IoT systems as a foundation for resource optimization. Then, in order to decouple the intertwined objectives of optimizing energy efficiency and maximizing the data extraction rate, an adaptive spreading factor (SF) allocation algorithm is proposed to mitigate collisions and resource waste, followed by a practical dynamic power control mechanism optimizing LoRa device power usage. Simulations validate that the proposed adaptive resource optimization outperforms conventional methods in dynamic, resource-constrained LEO environments, offering a robust solution for satellite IoT applications. In terms of energy efficiency and data extraction rate, the algorithm proposed in this paper outperforms other comparative algorithms. When the number of users reaches 3000, the energy efficiency is improved by at least 119%, and the data extraction rate is increased by at least 48%.https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/11/3318LEO satelliteIoTLoRaspreading factorresource optimization
spellingShingle Chen Zhang
Haoyou Peng
Yonghua Ji
Tao Hong
Gengxin Zhang
Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic Environments
Sensors
LEO satellite
IoT
LoRa
spreading factor
resource optimization
title Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic Environments
title_full Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic Environments
title_fullStr Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic Environments
title_full_unstemmed Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic Environments
title_short Adaptive Resource Optimization for LoRa-Enabled LEO Satellite IoT System in High-Dynamic Environments
title_sort adaptive resource optimization for lora enabled leo satellite iot system in high dynamic environments
topic LEO satellite
IoT
LoRa
spreading factor
resource optimization
url https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/25/11/3318
work_keys_str_mv AT chenzhang adaptiveresourceoptimizationforloraenabledleosatelliteiotsysteminhighdynamicenvironments
AT haoyoupeng adaptiveresourceoptimizationforloraenabledleosatelliteiotsysteminhighdynamicenvironments
AT yonghuaji adaptiveresourceoptimizationforloraenabledleosatelliteiotsysteminhighdynamicenvironments
AT taohong adaptiveresourceoptimizationforloraenabledleosatelliteiotsysteminhighdynamicenvironments
AT gengxinzhang adaptiveresourceoptimizationforloraenabledleosatelliteiotsysteminhighdynamicenvironments