Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levels
Information about heavy metal contamination in toys is essential to ensure the safety of the children’s product. However, 95% of the tested toys come from China, a country known for use of toy materials which are often banned in EU countries. In this paper the results from determination of three h...
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| Format: | Article |
| Language: | English |
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University Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy and Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association
2024-12-01
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| Series: | Makedonsko Farmacevtski Bilten |
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| Online Access: | https://bulletin.mfd.org.mk/volumes/Volume%2069_2/69_2_005.pdf |
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| author | Mirvete Abdullahi1 Suzana Angelova Evgenija Kiroska Petreska Tatjana Kadifkova Panovska |
| author_facet | Mirvete Abdullahi1 Suzana Angelova Evgenija Kiroska Petreska Tatjana Kadifkova Panovska |
| author_sort | Mirvete Abdullahi1 |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | Information about heavy metal contamination in toys is essential to ensure the safety of the children’s product. However, 95% of the
tested toys come from China, a country known for use of toy materials which are often banned in EU countries. In this paper the results
from determination of three heavy metals levels (lead, cadmium and Trivalent chromium), in samples from children's toys available through
specialized stores and markets in Republic of North Macedonia (RNM), are presented. The levels of lead, cadmium and Trivalent chromium
in 28 samples, divided in three categories according to EN 71-3:2019, were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption
spectrometry (GF-AAS), after suitable sample preparation.
The obtained results showed that the concentration of lead in the toys of the second category (purple slime and tattoo) are significantly
higher than the maximum migrated limits (MML). Lead in children's toys originates from toxic lead dyes and can lead to serious health
complications of central nervous system, cardiovascular, immune system and kidneys. Toys like finger paints had increased values of
cadmium, but insignificantly higher compared to MML. Chromium concentrations did not exceed the MMLin all 28 toys. In summary,
14.3% of the tested toys had higher levels of the examined heavy metals than the regulatory limits. Therefore, improved quality control of
children’s toys is an emerging issue to ensure consumers are purchasing safe, healthy and environmentally sustainable products. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-92d24a22f0254227851e9b85bf9dfad3 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1857-8969 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2024-12-01 |
| publisher | University Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy and Macedonian Pharmaceutical Association |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Makedonsko Farmacevtski Bilten |
| spelling | doaj-art-92d24a22f0254227851e9b85bf9dfad32025-01-11T12:45:02ZengUniversity Ss Cyril and Methodius in Skopje, Faculty of Pharmacy and Macedonian Pharmaceutical AssociationMakedonsko Farmacevtski Bilten1857-89692024-12-01692475310.33320/maced.pharm.bull.2023.69.02.005Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levelsMirvete Abdullahi10Suzana Angelova1 Evgenija Kiroska Petreska2Tatjana Kadifkova Panovska3PHI Center for Public Health Kumanovo, October 11th bb, 1300 Kumanovo, North MacedoniaPHI Center for Public Health Kumanovo, October 11th bb, 1300 Kumanovo, North MacedoniaInstitute for Public Health Skopje, 50th Division 6, 1000 Skopje, North MacedoniaFaculty of Pharmacy, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Majka Tereza 47, 1000 Skopje, North MacedoniaInformation about heavy metal contamination in toys is essential to ensure the safety of the children’s product. However, 95% of the tested toys come from China, a country known for use of toy materials which are often banned in EU countries. In this paper the results from determination of three heavy metals levels (lead, cadmium and Trivalent chromium), in samples from children's toys available through specialized stores and markets in Republic of North Macedonia (RNM), are presented. The levels of lead, cadmium and Trivalent chromium in 28 samples, divided in three categories according to EN 71-3:2019, were determined using graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS), after suitable sample preparation. The obtained results showed that the concentration of lead in the toys of the second category (purple slime and tattoo) are significantly higher than the maximum migrated limits (MML). Lead in children's toys originates from toxic lead dyes and can lead to serious health complications of central nervous system, cardiovascular, immune system and kidneys. Toys like finger paints had increased values of cadmium, but insignificantly higher compared to MML. Chromium concentrations did not exceed the MMLin all 28 toys. In summary, 14.3% of the tested toys had higher levels of the examined heavy metals than the regulatory limits. Therefore, improved quality control of children’s toys is an emerging issue to ensure consumers are purchasing safe, healthy and environmentally sustainable products.https://bulletin.mfd.org.mk/volumes/Volume%2069_2/69_2_005.pdfchildren's toysheavy metalsmaximum migrated limits (mml) |
| spellingShingle | Mirvete Abdullahi1 Suzana Angelova Evgenija Kiroska Petreska Tatjana Kadifkova Panovska Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levels Makedonsko Farmacevtski Bilten children's toys heavy metals maximum migrated limits (mml) |
| title | Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levels |
| title_full | Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levels |
| title_fullStr | Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levels |
| title_full_unstemmed | Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levels |
| title_short | Investigation of children's toys quality on the Macedonian market: determination of lead, cadmium and chromium levels |
| title_sort | investigation of children s toys quality on the macedonian market determination of lead cadmium and chromium levels |
| topic | children's toys heavy metals maximum migrated limits (mml) |
| url | https://bulletin.mfd.org.mk/volumes/Volume%2069_2/69_2_005.pdf |
| work_keys_str_mv | AT mirveteabdullahi1 investigationofchildrenstoysqualityonthemacedonianmarketdeterminationofleadcadmiumandchromiumlevels AT suzanaangelova investigationofchildrenstoysqualityonthemacedonianmarketdeterminationofleadcadmiumandchromiumlevels AT evgenijakiroskapetreska investigationofchildrenstoysqualityonthemacedonianmarketdeterminationofleadcadmiumandchromiumlevels AT tatjanakadifkovapanovska investigationofchildrenstoysqualityonthemacedonianmarketdeterminationofleadcadmiumandchromiumlevels |