Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectives

Characterized by their unique topological and mechanical metrics, interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials with advanced performance, garnering significant interest across academia and industry. This work comprehensively investigates the manufacturing m...

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Main Authors: Qinze Song, Agyapal Singh, Nikolaos Karathanasopoulos
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Taylor & Francis Group 2025-12-01
Series:Virtual and Physical Prototyping
Subjects:
Online Access:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17452759.2025.2505992
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author Qinze Song
Agyapal Singh
Nikolaos Karathanasopoulos
author_facet Qinze Song
Agyapal Singh
Nikolaos Karathanasopoulos
author_sort Qinze Song
collection DOAJ
description Characterized by their unique topological and mechanical metrics, interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials with advanced performance, garnering significant interest across academia and industry. This work comprehensively investigates the manufacturing methods and mechanical properties of IPCs, with a focus on metal-metal, ceramic-metal, polymer-metal, and polymer-ceramic architected interpenetrating phase designs. The state-of-the-art hybrid techniques typically employed in their manufacturing are critically examined-including additive manufacturing, casting, electrodeposition, and dealloying processes-highlighting their similarities, novelties, and limitations associated with each co-continuous composite class. A large body of experimental data is collected and comparatively analysed, summarising primal physical metrics. The inner design is associated with the arising effective mechanical performance, comparatively quantifying Young's moduli, yield and ultimate strengths, critical densification or fracture strains, and specific energy absorptions. The extended datasets form the basis for the creation of comprehensive Ashby plot representations of the aforementioned performance metrics, offering unique insights into their mechanical performance. As such, this work provides a foundational understanding of the IPC manufacturing processes and resulting mechanics, identifying gaps in current knowledge and suggesting avenues for future exploration in this rapidly evolving field.
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language English
publishDate 2025-12-01
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spelling doaj-art-8ba88b3a2b344fe4a7f2e2d937b97d242025-08-20T03:47:49ZengTaylor & Francis GroupVirtual and Physical Prototyping1745-27591745-27672025-12-0120110.1080/17452759.2025.2505992Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectivesQinze Song0Agyapal Singh1Nikolaos Karathanasopoulos2Department of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAEDepartment of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAEDepartment of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAECharacterized by their unique topological and mechanical metrics, interpenetrating phase composites (IPCs) have emerged as a versatile class of materials with advanced performance, garnering significant interest across academia and industry. This work comprehensively investigates the manufacturing methods and mechanical properties of IPCs, with a focus on metal-metal, ceramic-metal, polymer-metal, and polymer-ceramic architected interpenetrating phase designs. The state-of-the-art hybrid techniques typically employed in their manufacturing are critically examined-including additive manufacturing, casting, electrodeposition, and dealloying processes-highlighting their similarities, novelties, and limitations associated with each co-continuous composite class. A large body of experimental data is collected and comparatively analysed, summarising primal physical metrics. The inner design is associated with the arising effective mechanical performance, comparatively quantifying Young's moduli, yield and ultimate strengths, critical densification or fracture strains, and specific energy absorptions. The extended datasets form the basis for the creation of comprehensive Ashby plot representations of the aforementioned performance metrics, offering unique insights into their mechanical performance. As such, this work provides a foundational understanding of the IPC manufacturing processes and resulting mechanics, identifying gaps in current knowledge and suggesting avenues for future exploration in this rapidly evolving field.https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17452759.2025.2505992Additive manufacturinghybrid methodsarchitected materialsIPCsmechanical propertiesstrength
spellingShingle Qinze Song
Agyapal Singh
Nikolaos Karathanasopoulos
Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectives
Virtual and Physical Prototyping
Additive manufacturing
hybrid methods
architected materials
IPCs
mechanical properties
strength
title Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectives
title_full Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectives
title_fullStr Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectives
title_full_unstemmed Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectives
title_short Hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites: review and perspectives
title_sort hybrid manufacturing and mechanics of architected interpenetrating phase composites review and perspectives
topic Additive manufacturing
hybrid methods
architected materials
IPCs
mechanical properties
strength
url https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/17452759.2025.2505992
work_keys_str_mv AT qinzesong hybridmanufacturingandmechanicsofarchitectedinterpenetratingphasecompositesreviewandperspectives
AT agyapalsingh hybridmanufacturingandmechanicsofarchitectedinterpenetratingphasecompositesreviewandperspectives
AT nikolaoskarathanasopoulos hybridmanufacturingandmechanicsofarchitectedinterpenetratingphasecompositesreviewandperspectives