Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive Review

Electric vehicles are increasingly seen as a viable alternative to conventional combustion-engine vehicles, offering advantages such as lower emissions and enhanced energy efficiency. The critical role of batteries in EVs drives the need for high-performance, cost-effective, and safe solutions, wher...

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Main Authors: Sara El Afia, Antonio Cano, Paul Arévalo, Francisco Jurado
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: MDPI AG 2024-11-01
Series:Energies
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Online Access:https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5634
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author Sara El Afia
Antonio Cano
Paul Arévalo
Francisco Jurado
author_facet Sara El Afia
Antonio Cano
Paul Arévalo
Francisco Jurado
author_sort Sara El Afia
collection DOAJ
description Electric vehicles are increasingly seen as a viable alternative to conventional combustion-engine vehicles, offering advantages such as lower emissions and enhanced energy efficiency. The critical role of batteries in EVs drives the need for high-performance, cost-effective, and safe solutions, where thermal management is key to ensuring optimal performance and longevity. This study is motivated by the need to address the limitations of current battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly the effectiveness of cooling methods in maintaining safe operating temperatures. The hypothesis is that immersion cooling offers superior thermal regulation compared to the widely used indirect liquid cooling approach. Using MATLAB Simulink, this research investigates the dynamic thermal behaviour of three cooling systems, including air cooling, indirect liquid cooling, and immersion cooling, by comparing their performance with an uncooled battery. The results show that immersion cooling outperforms indirect liquid cooling in terms of temperature control and safety, providing a more efficient solution. These findings challenge the existing literature, positioning immersion cooling as the optimal BTMS. The main contribution of this paper lies in its comprehensive evaluation of cooling technologies and its validation of immersion cooling as a superior method for enhancing EV battery performance.
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spelling doaj-art-699ce60308904b44b8b284b16ef33aa32024-11-26T18:02:08ZengMDPI AGEnergies1996-10732024-11-011722563410.3390/en17225634Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive ReviewSara El Afia0Antonio Cano1Paul Arévalo2Francisco Jurado3Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, SpainDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, SpainDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, SpainDepartment of Electrical Engineering, University of Jaen, 23071 Jaen, SpainElectric vehicles are increasingly seen as a viable alternative to conventional combustion-engine vehicles, offering advantages such as lower emissions and enhanced energy efficiency. The critical role of batteries in EVs drives the need for high-performance, cost-effective, and safe solutions, where thermal management is key to ensuring optimal performance and longevity. This study is motivated by the need to address the limitations of current battery thermal management systems (BTMS), particularly the effectiveness of cooling methods in maintaining safe operating temperatures. The hypothesis is that immersion cooling offers superior thermal regulation compared to the widely used indirect liquid cooling approach. Using MATLAB Simulink, this research investigates the dynamic thermal behaviour of three cooling systems, including air cooling, indirect liquid cooling, and immersion cooling, by comparing their performance with an uncooled battery. The results show that immersion cooling outperforms indirect liquid cooling in terms of temperature control and safety, providing a more efficient solution. These findings challenge the existing literature, positioning immersion cooling as the optimal BTMS. The main contribution of this paper lies in its comprehensive evaluation of cooling technologies and its validation of immersion cooling as a superior method for enhancing EV battery performance.https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5634vehicle electrificationenergy storage systembattery thermal management system
spellingShingle Sara El Afia
Antonio Cano
Paul Arévalo
Francisco Jurado
Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive Review
Energies
vehicle electrification
energy storage system
battery thermal management system
title Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive Review
title_full Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive Review
title_fullStr Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive Review
title_full_unstemmed Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive Review
title_short Energy Sources and Battery Thermal Energy Management Technologies for Electrical Vehicles: A Technical Comprehensive Review
title_sort energy sources and battery thermal energy management technologies for electrical vehicles a technical comprehensive review
topic vehicle electrification
energy storage system
battery thermal management system
url https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/17/22/5634
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