Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils

Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils

<p>Red Sea mangroves have a lower carbon burial rate than the global average, whereby small greenhouse gas fluxes may offset a large proportion of carbon burial. Monthly soil core sampling was conducted across 2 years at two sites within a central eastern Red Sea mangrove stand to examine carb...

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Main Authors: J. Breavington, A. Steckbauer, C. Fu, M. Ennasri, C. M. Duarte
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Copernicus Publications 2025-01-01
Series:Biogeosciences
Online Access:https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/22/117/2025/bg-22-117-2025.pdf
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author J. Breavington
A. Steckbauer
C. Fu
M. Ennasri
C. M. Duarte
author_facet J. Breavington
A. Steckbauer
C. Fu
M. Ennasri
C. M. Duarte
author_sort J. Breavington
collection DOAJ
description <p>Red Sea mangroves have a lower carbon burial rate than the global average, whereby small greenhouse gas fluxes may offset a large proportion of carbon burial. Monthly soil core sampling was conducted across 2 years at two sites within a central eastern Red Sea mangrove stand to examine carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) and methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) fluxes under dry and inundated conditions. Fluxes were highly variable, characterized by a prevalence of low emissions punctuated by bursts of high emissions. At the landward site, average <span class="inline-formula">±</span> SE (median) flux from the soil–air interface was 3111 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 929 (811) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and​​​​​​​ 1.68 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.63 (0.26) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> under light conditions and 8657 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2269 (1615) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 0.84 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.79 (0.59) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> under dark conditions. Average <span class="inline-formula">±</span> SE (median) sea–air fluxes were <span class="inline-formula">−</span>55 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 165 (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>79) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 0.12 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.23 (0.08) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> under light conditions and 27 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 48 (53) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 0.16 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.13 (0.09) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in dark conditions. The seaward site recorded a higher CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> flux, averaging 18.7 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 8.18 (1.7) and 17.1 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 4.55 (7.7) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in light and dark conditions. Mean fluxes offset 94.5 % of carbon burial, with a median of 4.9 % skewed by extreme variability. However, reported CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> removal by total alkalinity emission from carbonate dissolution greatly exceeded both processes and drives the role of these ecosystems as intense CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> sinks.</p>
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spelling doaj-art-5f4087bb66e64f6ca4efebb4cc974fd22025-01-10T06:55:07ZengCopernicus PublicationsBiogeosciences1726-41701726-41892025-01-012211713410.5194/bg-22-117-2025Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soilsJ. Breavington0A. Steckbauer1C. Fu2M. Ennasri3C. M. Duarte4Marine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMarine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMarine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMarine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi ArabiaMarine Science Program, Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering Division (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia<p>Red Sea mangroves have a lower carbon burial rate than the global average, whereby small greenhouse gas fluxes may offset a large proportion of carbon burial. Monthly soil core sampling was conducted across 2 years at two sites within a central eastern Red Sea mangrove stand to examine carbon dioxide (CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span>) and methane (CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span>) fluxes under dry and inundated conditions. Fluxes were highly variable, characterized by a prevalence of low emissions punctuated by bursts of high emissions. At the landward site, average <span class="inline-formula">±</span> SE (median) flux from the soil–air interface was 3111 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 929 (811) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and​​​​​​​ 1.68 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.63 (0.26) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> under light conditions and 8657 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 2269 (1615) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 0.84 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.79 (0.59) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> under dark conditions. Average <span class="inline-formula">±</span> SE (median) sea–air fluxes were <span class="inline-formula">−</span>55 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 165 (<span class="inline-formula">−</span>79) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 0.12 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.23 (0.08) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> under light conditions and 27 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 48 (53) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> and 0.16 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 0.13 (0.09) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in dark conditions. The seaward site recorded a higher CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> flux, averaging 18.7 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 8.18 (1.7) and 17.1 <span class="inline-formula">±</span> 4.55 (7.7) <span class="inline-formula">µ</span>mol CH<span class="inline-formula"><sub>4</sub></span> m<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−2</sup></span> d<span class="inline-formula"><sup>−1</sup></span> in light and dark conditions. Mean fluxes offset 94.5 % of carbon burial, with a median of 4.9 % skewed by extreme variability. However, reported CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> removal by total alkalinity emission from carbonate dissolution greatly exceeded both processes and drives the role of these ecosystems as intense CO<span class="inline-formula"><sub>2</sub></span> sinks.</p>https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/22/117/2025/bg-22-117-2025.pdf
spellingShingle J. Breavington
A. Steckbauer
C. Fu
M. Ennasri
C. M. Duarte
Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
Biogeosciences
title Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
title_full Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
title_fullStr Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
title_full_unstemmed Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
title_short Dynamics of CO<sub>2</sub> and CH<sub>4</sub> fluxes in Red Sea mangrove soils
title_sort dynamics of co sub 2 sub and ch sub 4 sub fluxes in red sea mangrove soils
url https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/22/117/2025/bg-22-117-2025.pdf
work_keys_str_mv AT jbreavington dynamicsofcosub2subandchsub4subfluxesinredseamangrovesoils
AT asteckbauer dynamicsofcosub2subandchsub4subfluxesinredseamangrovesoils
AT cfu dynamicsofcosub2subandchsub4subfluxesinredseamangrovesoils
AT mennasri dynamicsofcosub2subandchsub4subfluxesinredseamangrovesoils
AT cmduarte dynamicsofcosub2subandchsub4subfluxesinredseamangrovesoils

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