Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements
<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Clinical intraoral photographs are important for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and documentation. This study aimed to evaluate deep learning algorithms trained utilizing actual cephalometric measurements for the classification of intraoral clini...
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MDPI AG
2025-04-01
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| Series: | Diagnostics |
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| Online Access: | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/9/1059 |
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| author | Sultan Büşra Ay Kartbak Mehmet Birol Özel Duygu Nur Cesur Kocakaya Muhammet Çakmak Enver Alper Sinanoğlu |
| author_facet | Sultan Büşra Ay Kartbak Mehmet Birol Özel Duygu Nur Cesur Kocakaya Muhammet Çakmak Enver Alper Sinanoğlu |
| author_sort | Sultan Büşra Ay Kartbak |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | <b>Background/Objectives</b>: Clinical intraoral photographs are important for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and documentation. This study aimed to evaluate deep learning algorithms trained utilizing actual cephalometric measurements for the classification of intraoral clinical photographs. <b>Methods</b>: This study was executed on lateral cephalograms and intraoral right-side images of 990 patients. IMPA, interincisal angle, U1–palatal plane angle, and Wits appraisal values were measured utilizing WebCeph. Intraoral photographs were divided into three groups based on cephalometric measurements. A total of 14 deep learning models (DenseNet 121, DenseNet 169, DenseNet 201, EfficientNet B0, EfficientNet V2, Inception V3, MobileNet V2, NasNetMobile, ResNet101, ResNet152, ResNet50, VGG16, VGG19, and Xception) were employed to classify the intraoral photographs. Performance metrics (F1 scores, accuracy, precision, and recall) were calculated and confusion matrices were formed. <b>Results</b>: The highest accuracy rates were 98.33% for IMPA groups, 99.00% for interincisal angle groups, 96.67% for U1–palatal plane angle groups, and 98.33% for Wits measurement groups. Lowest accuracy rates were 59% for IMPA groups, 53% for interincisal angle groups, 33.33% for U1–palatal plane angle groups, and 83.67% for Wits measurement groups. <b>Conclusions</b>: Although accuracy rates varied among classifications and DL algorithms, successful classification could be achieved in the majority of cases. Our results may be promising for case classification and analysis without the need for lateral cephalometric radiographs. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-594b7afac04a4d6d9fda9dd802e37f18 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 2075-4418 |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-04-01 |
| publisher | MDPI AG |
| record_format | Article |
| series | Diagnostics |
| spelling | doaj-art-594b7afac04a4d6d9fda9dd802e37f182025-08-20T03:49:22ZengMDPI AGDiagnostics2075-44182025-04-01159105910.3390/diagnostics15091059Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric MeasurementsSultan Büşra Ay Kartbak0Mehmet Birol Özel1Duygu Nur Cesur Kocakaya2Muhammet Çakmak3Enver Alper Sinanoğlu4Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41190, TürkiyeDepartment of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41190, TürkiyePrivate Practice, Gölcük 41650, TürkiyeDepartment of Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Sinop University, Sinop 57000, TürkiyeDepartment of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Kocaeli University, Kocaeli 41190, Türkiye<b>Background/Objectives</b>: Clinical intraoral photographs are important for orthodontic diagnosis, treatment planning, and documentation. This study aimed to evaluate deep learning algorithms trained utilizing actual cephalometric measurements for the classification of intraoral clinical photographs. <b>Methods</b>: This study was executed on lateral cephalograms and intraoral right-side images of 990 patients. IMPA, interincisal angle, U1–palatal plane angle, and Wits appraisal values were measured utilizing WebCeph. Intraoral photographs were divided into three groups based on cephalometric measurements. A total of 14 deep learning models (DenseNet 121, DenseNet 169, DenseNet 201, EfficientNet B0, EfficientNet V2, Inception V3, MobileNet V2, NasNetMobile, ResNet101, ResNet152, ResNet50, VGG16, VGG19, and Xception) were employed to classify the intraoral photographs. Performance metrics (F1 scores, accuracy, precision, and recall) were calculated and confusion matrices were formed. <b>Results</b>: The highest accuracy rates were 98.33% for IMPA groups, 99.00% for interincisal angle groups, 96.67% for U1–palatal plane angle groups, and 98.33% for Wits measurement groups. Lowest accuracy rates were 59% for IMPA groups, 53% for interincisal angle groups, 33.33% for U1–palatal plane angle groups, and 83.67% for Wits measurement groups. <b>Conclusions</b>: Although accuracy rates varied among classifications and DL algorithms, successful classification could be achieved in the majority of cases. Our results may be promising for case classification and analysis without the need for lateral cephalometric radiographs.https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/9/1059deep learningartificial intelligenceintraoral photographcephalometry |
| spellingShingle | Sultan Büşra Ay Kartbak Mehmet Birol Özel Duygu Nur Cesur Kocakaya Muhammet Çakmak Enver Alper Sinanoğlu Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements Diagnostics deep learning artificial intelligence intraoral photograph cephalometry |
| title | Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements |
| title_full | Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements |
| title_fullStr | Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements |
| title_full_unstemmed | Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements |
| title_short | Classification of Intraoral Photographs with Deep Learning Algorithms Trained According to Cephalometric Measurements |
| title_sort | classification of intraoral photographs with deep learning algorithms trained according to cephalometric measurements |
| topic | deep learning artificial intelligence intraoral photograph cephalometry |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4418/15/9/1059 |
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