Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess women’s hookah smoking: insights from a multi-stage study

Development and validation of a questionnaire to assess women’s hookah smoking: insights from a multi-stage study

Abstract Background of study Hookah smoking is a major concern worldwide, especially in Eastern Mediterranean countries. In this study, we aimed to develop and psychometrically test the factors underlying hookah smoking among women. Methods We conducted both qualitative and quantitative phases betwe...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Nahid Shahabi, Azin Alavi, Shirin Shahbazi Sighaldeh, Sara Dadipoor, Shokrollah Mohseni, Hadi Eshaghi Sani Kakhaki, Ziyad Ben Talebh, Ebbie Kalan
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: BMC 2025-07-01
Series:BMC Public Health
Subjects:
Hookah
Factor analysis
Psychometrics
Tobacco
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-025-23336-5
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