Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensor

Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with a multitude of diverse physiological functions, including vasodilation, immune modulation, and most notable gastrointestinal regulation. At present, VIP is determined using biochemical assays, which are time-consuming and r...

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Main Authors: Khalil K. Hussain, Chloe Miller, Mark Yeoman, Bhavik Anil Patel
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-10-01
Series:Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137025000949
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author Khalil K. Hussain
Chloe Miller
Mark Yeoman
Bhavik Anil Patel
author_facet Khalil K. Hussain
Chloe Miller
Mark Yeoman
Bhavik Anil Patel
author_sort Khalil K. Hussain
collection DOAJ
description Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with a multitude of diverse physiological functions, including vasodilation, immune modulation, and most notable gastrointestinal regulation. At present, VIP is determined using biochemical assays, which are time-consuming and require complex multi-step sample preparation. Therefore, we focused on the development of the first electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of VIP in faecal pellets. Our VIP immunosensor was made by covalent immobilization of an anti-VIP antibody onto a thiophene-2-carboxylic acid conductive polymer layer, after deposition of gold nanostars onto a carbon black/polylactic acid 3D printed electrode. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements confirmed layer-by-layer modification of the electrode to craft the VIP immunosensor. The immunosensor exhibited a linear range between 10 and 100 pM, with a limit of detection of 4.3 pM. The immunosensor was selective against electroactive compounds known to be present within the intestinal tract. We observed a reduction in VIP levels in faecal pellets from 24-month-old mice when compared to 12-month-old mice. This novel VIP electrochemical immunosensor can be an effective tool for diagnosis or prognosis of various diseases given the diverse physiological function of VIP.
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publishDate 2025-10-01
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series Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X
spelling doaj-art-3ecf4b5544cc4b66a176b31f0f750f052025-08-20T04:00:43ZengElsevierBiosensors and Bioelectronics: X2590-13702025-10-012610066710.1016/j.biosx.2025.100667Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensorKhalil K. Hussain0Chloe Miller1Mark Yeoman2Bhavik Anil Patel3Centre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UKCentre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UKCentre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UKCentre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK; Corresponding author. Centre for Lifelong Health, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) is a 28-amino acid neuropeptide with a multitude of diverse physiological functions, including vasodilation, immune modulation, and most notable gastrointestinal regulation. At present, VIP is determined using biochemical assays, which are time-consuming and require complex multi-step sample preparation. Therefore, we focused on the development of the first electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of VIP in faecal pellets. Our VIP immunosensor was made by covalent immobilization of an anti-VIP antibody onto a thiophene-2-carboxylic acid conductive polymer layer, after deposition of gold nanostars onto a carbon black/polylactic acid 3D printed electrode. Scanning electron microscopy and electrochemical measurements confirmed layer-by-layer modification of the electrode to craft the VIP immunosensor. The immunosensor exhibited a linear range between 10 and 100 pM, with a limit of detection of 4.3 pM. The immunosensor was selective against electroactive compounds known to be present within the intestinal tract. We observed a reduction in VIP levels in faecal pellets from 24-month-old mice when compared to 12-month-old mice. This novel VIP electrochemical immunosensor can be an effective tool for diagnosis or prognosis of various diseases given the diverse physiological function of VIP.http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137025000949ImmunosensorImpedanceVasoactive intestinal polypeptideVIPAgeingColon
spellingShingle Khalil K. Hussain
Chloe Miller
Mark Yeoman
Bhavik Anil Patel
Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensor
Biosensors and Bioelectronics: X
Immunosensor
Impedance
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
VIP
Ageing
Colon
title Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensor
title_full Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensor
title_fullStr Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensor
title_full_unstemmed Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensor
title_short Detecting age-related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3D-printed electrochemical immunosensor
title_sort detecting age related changes in faecal vasoactive intestinal polypeptide using a 3d printed electrochemical immunosensor
topic Immunosensor
Impedance
Vasoactive intestinal polypeptide
VIP
Ageing
Colon
url http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590137025000949
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AT chloemiller detectingagerelatedchangesinfaecalvasoactiveintestinalpolypeptideusinga3dprintedelectrochemicalimmunosensor
AT markyeoman detectingagerelatedchangesinfaecalvasoactiveintestinalpolypeptideusinga3dprintedelectrochemicalimmunosensor
AT bhavikanilpatel detectingagerelatedchangesinfaecalvasoactiveintestinalpolypeptideusinga3dprintedelectrochemicalimmunosensor