Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge
Lithium-ion batteries risk failing when subjected to different abuse tests, resulting in gas and flames. In this study, 5 Ah nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) pouch cells were subjected to external heating; overcharge at rates of 2.5, 5 and 10 A; and nail penetration. Tests were conducted in air a...
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MDPI AG
2025-05-01
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| author | Gemma E. Howard Katie C. Abbott Jonathan E. H. Buston Jason Gill Steven L. Goddard Daniel Howard |
| author_facet | Gemma E. Howard Katie C. Abbott Jonathan E. H. Buston Jason Gill Steven L. Goddard Daniel Howard |
| author_sort | Gemma E. Howard |
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| description | Lithium-ion batteries risk failing when subjected to different abuse tests, resulting in gas and flames. In this study, 5 Ah nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) pouch cells were subjected to external heating; overcharge at rates of 2.5, 5 and 10 A; and nail penetration. Tests were conducted in air and N<sub>2</sub> atmospheres. Additional external heat tests were performed on cells at 5, 25, 50, and 75% SoC and on two, three, and four cell blocks. Gas volumes were calculated, and the gas composition was given for H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>. For tests under an air atmosphere at 100% SoC, the volume of gas varied between abuse methods: 3.9 L (external heat), 6.4 L (overcharge), and 8.9 L (nail penetration). The gas composition was found to predominantly contain H<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CO for all abuse methods; however, higher concentrations of H<sub>2</sub> and CO were present in tests performed under N<sub>2</sub>. External heat tests at different SoCs showed that the gas volume decreased with SoC. Overall, the type of abuse method can have a large effect on the gas volume and composition produced by cell failure. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-37b99b5bd88a4b478422dbb4d3ee2ae1 |
| institution | Kabale University |
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| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-05-01 |
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| series | Batteries |
| spelling | doaj-art-37b99b5bd88a4b478422dbb4d3ee2ae12025-08-20T03:47:48ZengMDPI AGBatteries2313-01052025-05-0111519710.3390/batteries11050197Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of ChargeGemma E. Howard0Katie C. Abbott1Jonathan E. H. Buston2Jason Gill3Steven L. Goddard4Daniel Howard5HSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton SK17 9JN, UKHSE Science and Research Centre, Harpur Hill, Buxton SK17 9JN, UKLithium-ion batteries risk failing when subjected to different abuse tests, resulting in gas and flames. In this study, 5 Ah nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) pouch cells were subjected to external heating; overcharge at rates of 2.5, 5 and 10 A; and nail penetration. Tests were conducted in air and N<sub>2</sub> atmospheres. Additional external heat tests were performed on cells at 5, 25, 50, and 75% SoC and on two, three, and four cell blocks. Gas volumes were calculated, and the gas composition was given for H<sub>2</sub>, CO, CO<sub>2</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub>, C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>6</sub>, and C<sub>3</sub>H<sub>8</sub>. For tests under an air atmosphere at 100% SoC, the volume of gas varied between abuse methods: 3.9 L (external heat), 6.4 L (overcharge), and 8.9 L (nail penetration). The gas composition was found to predominantly contain H<sub>2</sub>, CO<sub>2</sub>, and CO for all abuse methods; however, higher concentrations of H<sub>2</sub> and CO were present in tests performed under N<sub>2</sub>. External heat tests at different SoCs showed that the gas volume decreased with SoC. Overall, the type of abuse method can have a large effect on the gas volume and composition produced by cell failure.https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/5/197Li-ionpouch cellnickel manganese cobalt oxideexternal heatoverchargenail penetration |
| spellingShingle | Gemma E. Howard Katie C. Abbott Jonathan E. H. Buston Jason Gill Steven L. Goddard Daniel Howard Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge Batteries Li-ion pouch cell nickel manganese cobalt oxide external heat overcharge nail penetration |
| title | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge |
| title_full | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge |
| title_fullStr | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge |
| title_full_unstemmed | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge |
| title_short | Comprehensive Study of the Gas Volume and Composition Generated by 5 Ah Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC) Li-Ion Pouch Cells Through Different Failure Mechanisms at Varying States of Charge |
| title_sort | comprehensive study of the gas volume and composition generated by 5 ah nickel manganese cobalt oxide nmc li ion pouch cells through different failure mechanisms at varying states of charge |
| topic | Li-ion pouch cell nickel manganese cobalt oxide external heat overcharge nail penetration |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/11/5/197 |
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