Development and validation of academic involution scale for college students

Abstract To develop a scale for assessing the involution among Chinese college students, and to test its reliability and validity within the context of higher education. The scale was developed based on in-depth interviews and existing competition scales. dataset 1 (n = 220) was utilized for explora...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Yiqing He, Xinyi Liu
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-07-01
Series:Scientific Reports
Subjects:
Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-04850-3
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