Franz Anton Mesmer and the advancements in electromagnetic brain stimulation: from a flawed perspective to the transcranial magnetic stimulation

Franz Anton Mesmer's 18th-century theory of animal magnetism was a fascinating early step in exploring how electromagnetic forces affect the human body. This journey of discovery, full of skepticism and false beliefs has since evolved into the modern practice of using transcranial magnetic stim...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Davide Costazza, Andreas Schwarz, Pier Paolo Berti, Vania Pirillo
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-10-01
Series:World Neurosurgery: X
Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590139725000638
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