Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment

Abstract Midkine (MDK), a multifunctional growth factor, has been implicated in promoting tumor progression, yet its role in glioblastoma (GBM) remains insufficiently characterized. To investigate MDK’s function in glioma, we integrated four RNA-Seq datasets into a harmonized cohort of 1,017 adult g...

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Main Authors: Mieszko Lachota, Katarzyna Zielniok, Agata Góźdź, Patrycja Szpak, Ilona Kalaszczyńska, Radosław Zagożdżon
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Nature Portfolio 2025-08-01
Series:Scientific Reports
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Online Access:https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16253-5
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author Mieszko Lachota
Katarzyna Zielniok
Agata Góźdź
Patrycja Szpak
Ilona Kalaszczyńska
Radosław Zagożdżon
author_facet Mieszko Lachota
Katarzyna Zielniok
Agata Góźdź
Patrycja Szpak
Ilona Kalaszczyńska
Radosław Zagożdżon
author_sort Mieszko Lachota
collection DOAJ
description Abstract Midkine (MDK), a multifunctional growth factor, has been implicated in promoting tumor progression, yet its role in glioblastoma (GBM) remains insufficiently characterized. To investigate MDK’s function in glioma, we integrated four RNA-Seq datasets into a harmonized cohort of 1,017 adult gliomas, including 256 GBM samples. We complemented this with freshly collected human GBM tissues and matched primary cell cultures to evaluate MDK expression and secretion patterns, further contextualized using single-cell RNA-Seq. Finally, we tested the impact of GBM-derived MDK on macrophage secretome composition to validate our in silico observations. We found that MDK expression increases with tumor grade in IDH wildtype gliomas, accompanied by a shift in isoform proportions favoring the canonical MDK transcript. High MDK expression was associated with poor prognosis specifically in GBM, where the MDK high subgroup comprised 75% of cases. MDK high GBMs exhibited a distinctive multiomic signature, including elevated chemokine and cytokine expression. Functionally, GBM-derived MDK induced macrophages to secrete multiple cytokines and chemokines, suggesting its role in reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Our findings reveal MDK’s previously underappreciated role in GBM aggressiveness and immune modulation, underscoring its potential as a biomarker and actionable therapeutic target for most GBM patients.
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spelling doaj-art-23f35242109f4d02b51ec7f2c8e0497b2025-08-24T11:23:39ZengNature PortfolioScientific Reports2045-23222025-08-0115111910.1038/s41598-025-16253-5Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironmentMieszko Lachota0Katarzyna Zielniok1Agata Góźdź2Patrycja Szpak3Ilona Kalaszczyńska4Radosław Zagożdżon5Department of Ophthalmology, Children’s Memorial Health InstituteLaboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Medical University of WarsawDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Centre for Biostructure Research, Medical University of WarsawDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Centre for Biostructure Research, Medical University of WarsawDepartment of Histology and Embryology, Centre for Biostructure Research, Medical University of WarsawLaboratory of Cellular and Genetic Therapies, Medical University of WarsawAbstract Midkine (MDK), a multifunctional growth factor, has been implicated in promoting tumor progression, yet its role in glioblastoma (GBM) remains insufficiently characterized. To investigate MDK’s function in glioma, we integrated four RNA-Seq datasets into a harmonized cohort of 1,017 adult gliomas, including 256 GBM samples. We complemented this with freshly collected human GBM tissues and matched primary cell cultures to evaluate MDK expression and secretion patterns, further contextualized using single-cell RNA-Seq. Finally, we tested the impact of GBM-derived MDK on macrophage secretome composition to validate our in silico observations. We found that MDK expression increases with tumor grade in IDH wildtype gliomas, accompanied by a shift in isoform proportions favoring the canonical MDK transcript. High MDK expression was associated with poor prognosis specifically in GBM, where the MDK high subgroup comprised 75% of cases. MDK high GBMs exhibited a distinctive multiomic signature, including elevated chemokine and cytokine expression. Functionally, GBM-derived MDK induced macrophages to secrete multiple cytokines and chemokines, suggesting its role in reshaping the tumor microenvironment. Our findings reveal MDK’s previously underappreciated role in GBM aggressiveness and immune modulation, underscoring its potential as a biomarker and actionable therapeutic target for most GBM patients.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16253-5MidkineMDKGlioblastomaGBMGliomaTumor microenvironment
spellingShingle Mieszko Lachota
Katarzyna Zielniok
Agata Góźdź
Patrycja Szpak
Ilona Kalaszczyńska
Radosław Zagożdżon
Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment
Scientific Reports
Midkine
MDK
Glioblastoma
GBM
Glioma
Tumor microenvironment
title Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment
title_full Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment
title_fullStr Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment
title_full_unstemmed Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment
title_short Coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine-associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment
title_sort coordinated changes in midkine expression and midkine associated multiomic profile in glioma microenvironment
topic Midkine
MDK
Glioblastoma
GBM
Glioma
Tumor microenvironment
url https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-16253-5
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