Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers
BackgroundIt is known that illicit and prescribed drugs impact pupil size, eye movement and function. Still, comprehensive quantitative evaluations under known ambient light conditions are lacking, when smartphones are used for monitoring.MethodsIn this clinical study (NCT05731999), four medicinal p...
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Frontiers Media S.A.
2025-01-01
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| Series: | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
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| Online Access: | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2024.1492246/full |
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| author | Kiki W. K. Kuijpers Karl Andersson Karl Andersson Maria Winkvist Marieke Niesters Monique van Velzen Fred Nyberg Albert Dahan Markku D. Hämäläinen |
| author_facet | Kiki W. K. Kuijpers Karl Andersson Karl Andersson Maria Winkvist Marieke Niesters Monique van Velzen Fred Nyberg Albert Dahan Markku D. Hämäläinen |
| author_sort | Kiki W. K. Kuijpers |
| collection | DOAJ |
| description | BackgroundIt is known that illicit and prescribed drugs impact pupil size, eye movement and function. Still, comprehensive quantitative evaluations under known ambient light conditions are lacking, when smartphones are used for monitoring.MethodsIn this clinical study (NCT05731999), four medicinal products with addiction risks were administered to 48 subjects (18–70 years old, all with informed consent, 12 subjects per drug). Videos captured by smartphones at ~50 lux and ~ 500 lux documented the eye’s reaction before and after controlled intake of single doses of oral oxycodone (20 mg), lorazepam (2 mg), lisdexamphetamine (70 mg) and inhaled cannabis flos (65 mg with 22% THC) over a 5-h test period. Data from three observational tests, non-convergence (NC, ability to cross the eyes), nystagmus (NY), and pupillary light reflex (PLR) were converted into 24 key features that represent different eye characteristics.ResultsOf the acquired data, 87–97% produced key features. At peak drug plasma concentration, oxycodone constricted pupils (p < 0.001); lorazepam induced non-convergence (p < 0.001); lisdexamphetamine induced dilated pupils (p < 0.001), irrespective of ambient light conditions. Inhaled cannabis induced miosis (p = 0.05 at ~50 lux, p = 0.10 at ~500 lux), a reduced light-induced amplitude (p = 0.003 at ~50 lux, p = 0.3 at ~500 lux) and redness of the sclerae (p = 0.14 at ~50 lux, p = 0.007 at ~500 lux). The drug effect lasted at least 5 h (p < 0.005) except for inhaled cannabis (2–3 h, p < 0.05).ConclusionThe ocular response to oxycodone, lorazepam, lisdexamphetamine and cannabis, as measured under controlled light conditions using a smartphone-based assessment, demonstrated distinct and readily distinguishable patterns for each substance.Clinical trial registrationIdentifier, NTC05731999. |
| format | Article |
| id | doaj-art-22ba65e0d49d49b6a769330fb0f3ffc7 |
| institution | Kabale University |
| issn | 1662-453X |
| language | English |
| publishDate | 2025-01-01 |
| publisher | Frontiers Media S.A. |
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| series | Frontiers in Neuroscience |
| spelling | doaj-art-22ba65e0d49d49b6a769330fb0f3ffc72025-01-07T12:52:38ZengFrontiers Media S.A.Frontiers in Neuroscience1662-453X2025-01-011810.3389/fnins.2024.14922461492246Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteersKiki W. K. Kuijpers0Karl Andersson1Karl Andersson2Maria Winkvist3Marieke Niesters4Monique van Velzen5Fred Nyberg6Albert Dahan7Markku D. Hämäläinen8Department of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, NetherlandsSkillsta Teknik Design och Kvalitet AB, Vänge, SwedenIGP, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenKontigo Care AB, Uppsala, SwedenDepartment of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, NetherlandsDepartment of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, NetherlandsDepartment of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, SwedenDepartment of Anesthesiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, NetherlandsKontigo Care AB, Uppsala, SwedenBackgroundIt is known that illicit and prescribed drugs impact pupil size, eye movement and function. Still, comprehensive quantitative evaluations under known ambient light conditions are lacking, when smartphones are used for monitoring.MethodsIn this clinical study (NCT05731999), four medicinal products with addiction risks were administered to 48 subjects (18–70 years old, all with informed consent, 12 subjects per drug). Videos captured by smartphones at ~50 lux and ~ 500 lux documented the eye’s reaction before and after controlled intake of single doses of oral oxycodone (20 mg), lorazepam (2 mg), lisdexamphetamine (70 mg) and inhaled cannabis flos (65 mg with 22% THC) over a 5-h test period. Data from three observational tests, non-convergence (NC, ability to cross the eyes), nystagmus (NY), and pupillary light reflex (PLR) were converted into 24 key features that represent different eye characteristics.ResultsOf the acquired data, 87–97% produced key features. At peak drug plasma concentration, oxycodone constricted pupils (p < 0.001); lorazepam induced non-convergence (p < 0.001); lisdexamphetamine induced dilated pupils (p < 0.001), irrespective of ambient light conditions. Inhaled cannabis induced miosis (p = 0.05 at ~50 lux, p = 0.10 at ~500 lux), a reduced light-induced amplitude (p = 0.003 at ~50 lux, p = 0.3 at ~500 lux) and redness of the sclerae (p = 0.14 at ~50 lux, p = 0.007 at ~500 lux). The drug effect lasted at least 5 h (p < 0.005) except for inhaled cannabis (2–3 h, p < 0.05).ConclusionThe ocular response to oxycodone, lorazepam, lisdexamphetamine and cannabis, as measured under controlled light conditions using a smartphone-based assessment, demonstrated distinct and readily distinguishable patterns for each substance.Clinical trial registrationIdentifier, NTC05731999.https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2024.1492246/fullsubstance use disorderpupillometryopioidscentral stimulantsbenzodiazepinescannabis |
| spellingShingle | Kiki W. K. Kuijpers Karl Andersson Karl Andersson Maria Winkvist Marieke Niesters Monique van Velzen Fred Nyberg Albert Dahan Markku D. Hämäläinen Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers Frontiers in Neuroscience substance use disorder pupillometry opioids central stimulants benzodiazepines cannabis |
| title | Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers |
| title_full | Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers |
| title_fullStr | Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers |
| title_full_unstemmed | Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers |
| title_short | Eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones: a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers |
| title_sort | eye reactions under the influence of drugs of abuse as measured by smartphones a controlled clinical study in healthy volunteers |
| topic | substance use disorder pupillometry opioids central stimulants benzodiazepines cannabis |
| url | https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fnins.2024.1492246/full |
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