Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity
Mandarin, one of the winter fruits commonly used in the preparation of foods and juices, is a fruit native to China and Southeast Asia. In this work, essential oils (EOs) obtained from by-products of the <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco flavedo of five cultivars present and cultivated wit...
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2024-12-01
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| author | Anna Geraci Alessia Postiglione Francesco Sgadari Rosario Schicchi Natale Badalamenti Maurizio Bruno Adriana Basile Martina Dentato Viviana Maresca |
| author_facet | Anna Geraci Alessia Postiglione Francesco Sgadari Rosario Schicchi Natale Badalamenti Maurizio Bruno Adriana Basile Martina Dentato Viviana Maresca |
| author_sort | Anna Geraci |
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| description | Mandarin, one of the winter fruits commonly used in the preparation of foods and juices, is a fruit native to China and Southeast Asia. In this work, essential oils (EOs) obtained from by-products of the <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco flavedo of five cultivars present and cultivated within the Botanical Garden of Palermo were chemically and biologically studied: <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Avana’ (<b>C1</b>), <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Tardivo di Ciaculli’ (<b>C2</b>), <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Bombajensis’ (<b>C3</b>), <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Aurantifolia’ (<b>C4</b>), and <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Padre Bernardino’ (<b>C5</b>). The GC and GC-MS analysis performed on all the extracted samples clearly highlighted the notable presence of limonene, a characteristic hydrocarbon monoterpene of EOs of the <i>Citrus</i> genus. <b>C1</b>, <b>C2</b>, <b>C3</b>, <b>C4</b>, and <b>C5</b> were tested in relation to their possible antibacterial and allelopathic activity, also highlighting the activity of limonene, the main compound. For the antibacterial activity, eight different bacterial strains were used, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Proteus vulgaris</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella typhi</i>, and <i>Enterobacter aerogens</i>). For the allelopathic effect, two model systems were chosen: the germination of radish seeds (<i>Raphanus sativus</i> L.) and of spores in the moss <i>Tortula muralis</i> (Hedw.). The EOs from all cultivars showed pronounced antibacterial effects against all strains with an MIC comprised in the range of 16–256 μg/mL. Limonene showed the highest activity with an MIC between 4 and 16. The allelopathic effects showed a decrease in the percentage of seed germination, root, and epicotyl growth on <i>Raphanus</i> and a strong reduction in the germination of <i>Tortula</i> spores with an alteration in the development of the protonema. Limonene showed the same but more intense allelopathic activity. |
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| spelling | doaj-art-1d2b8049425d4b4a8f0de266be17b3af2024-12-27T14:47:49ZengMDPI AGPlants2223-77472024-12-011324352710.3390/plants13243527Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic ActivityAnna Geraci0Alessia Postiglione1Francesco Sgadari2Rosario Schicchi3Natale Badalamenti4Maurizio Bruno5Adriana Basile6Martina Dentato7Viviana Maresca8Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso University Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences (SAAF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies (STEBICEF), Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, ed. 17, 90128 Palermo, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso University Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso University Monte Sant’Angelo, Via Cinthia 4, 80126 Napoli, ItalyDepartment of Life Science, Health, and Health Professions, University of Rome “Link Campus”, 00165 Rome, ItalyMandarin, one of the winter fruits commonly used in the preparation of foods and juices, is a fruit native to China and Southeast Asia. In this work, essential oils (EOs) obtained from by-products of the <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco flavedo of five cultivars present and cultivated within the Botanical Garden of Palermo were chemically and biologically studied: <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Avana’ (<b>C1</b>), <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Tardivo di Ciaculli’ (<b>C2</b>), <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Bombajensis’ (<b>C3</b>), <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Aurantifolia’ (<b>C4</b>), and <i>C. reticulata</i> ‘Padre Bernardino’ (<b>C5</b>). The GC and GC-MS analysis performed on all the extracted samples clearly highlighted the notable presence of limonene, a characteristic hydrocarbon monoterpene of EOs of the <i>Citrus</i> genus. <b>C1</b>, <b>C2</b>, <b>C3</b>, <b>C4</b>, and <b>C5</b> were tested in relation to their possible antibacterial and allelopathic activity, also highlighting the activity of limonene, the main compound. For the antibacterial activity, eight different bacterial strains were used, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative (<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Proteus vulgaris</i>, <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i>, <i>Enterobacter cloacae</i>, <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>, <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Salmonella typhi</i>, and <i>Enterobacter aerogens</i>). For the allelopathic effect, two model systems were chosen: the germination of radish seeds (<i>Raphanus sativus</i> L.) and of spores in the moss <i>Tortula muralis</i> (Hedw.). The EOs from all cultivars showed pronounced antibacterial effects against all strains with an MIC comprised in the range of 16–256 μg/mL. Limonene showed the highest activity with an MIC between 4 and 16. The allelopathic effects showed a decrease in the percentage of seed germination, root, and epicotyl growth on <i>Raphanus</i> and a strong reduction in the germination of <i>Tortula</i> spores with an alteration in the development of the protonema. Limonene showed the same but more intense allelopathic activity.https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/24/3527<i>Citrus reticulata</i> BlancoRutaceaeessential oilslimoneneantibacterial activityallelopathic effect |
| spellingShingle | Anna Geraci Alessia Postiglione Francesco Sgadari Rosario Schicchi Natale Badalamenti Maurizio Bruno Adriana Basile Martina Dentato Viviana Maresca Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity Plants <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco Rutaceae essential oils limonene antibacterial activity allelopathic effect |
| title | Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity |
| title_full | Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity |
| title_fullStr | Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity |
| title_full_unstemmed | Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity |
| title_short | Essential Oils Obtained from Sicilian <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco By-Products: Antibacterial and Allelopathic Activity |
| title_sort | essential oils obtained from sicilian i citrus reticulata i blanco by products antibacterial and allelopathic activity |
| topic | <i>Citrus reticulata</i> Blanco Rutaceae essential oils limonene antibacterial activity allelopathic effect |
| url | https://www.mdpi.com/2223-7747/13/24/3527 |
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