A Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA) framework for exposure from toilet flushing using experimental aerosol concentration measurements

Background: Flushing a toilet generates aerosols potentially containing microorganisms, serving as a transmission route for pathogens, notably gastrointestinal and respiratory infections. Despite identification of aerosols and positive microbial sampling, there is a lack of quantitative assessments...

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Bibliographic Details
Main Authors: Ciara A. Higham, Martín López-García, Catherine J. Noakes, Emma Tidswell, Louise Fletcher
Format: Article
Language:English
Published: Elsevier 2025-03-01
Series:Indoor Environments
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Online Access:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2950362024000663
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