Published 2025-02-01
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Jason E Pope,1 Timothy Ray Deer,2 Dawood Sayed,3 Ajay B Antony,4 Harjot Singh Bhandal,1 Aaron K Calodney,5 Krishnan Chakravarthy,6 Shrif Costandi,7 Jack Diep,8 Shravani Durbhakula,9 Michael A Fishman,10 Christopher Gilligan,11 Johnathan Heck Goree,12 Maged Guirguis,13 Jonathan Michael Hagedorn,14 Corey William Hunter,15,16 Jan Willem Kallewaard,17,18 Leonardo Kapural,19– 21 Christopher M Lam,3 Sean Li,22 Brian Mayrsohn,23,24 Harold Nijhuis,25 Serge Nikolic,26 Erika A Petersen,27 Lawrence Raymond Poree,28 Shawn K Puri,29 David E Reece,30 Steven Mark Rosen,31 Marc A Russo,32 Jay M Shah,33 Peter Sean Staats,34 Paul Verrills,35 Chau M Vu,1 Robert M Levy,36 Nagy Mekhail37 1Evolve Restorative Center, Santa Rosa, CA, USA; 2
Pain Services, The Spine & Nerve Center of the Virginias, Charleston, WV, USA; 3Department of Anesthesiology and
Pain Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA; 4The Orthopaedic Institute, Gainesville, FL, USA; 5Clinical Research, Precision Spine Care, Tyler, TX, USA; 6Anesthesiology and
Pain Medicine, Solaris Research Institute, Wilmington, DE, USA; 7
Pain Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; 8Nevada
Pain Management, Las Vegas, NV, USA; 9Department of Anesthesiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; 10Michael Fishman MD PLLC, Lebanon, PA, USA; 11Robert Wood Johnson University Hospital, New Brunswick, NJ, USA; 12Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; 13Interventional
Pain Management Department, Ochsner Health System, New Orleans, LA, USA; 14Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA; 15Ainsworth Institute of
Pain Management, New York City, NY, USA; 16Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York City, NY, USA; 17Amsterdam University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; 18Rijnstate Hospital, Arnhem, The Netherlands; 19Carolinas
Pain Institute, Winston Salem, NC, USA; 20Centers for Clinical Research, Winston Salem, NC, USA; 21Chronic
Pain Research Institute, Winston Salem, NC, USA; 22National Spine and
Pain Centers, Shrewsbury, NJ, USA; 23Interventional
Pain Management, Maywell Health, Plainview, NY, USA; 24Interventional
Pain Management, Maywell Health, New York City, NY, USA; 25Anesthesiology, St Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Utrecht, The Netherlands; 26
Pain Medicine and Neuromodulation, St Bartholomew’s Hospital, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, UK; 27Department of Neurosurgery, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, USA; 28Anesthesia- Division of
Pain Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; 29Integrated
Pain Associates, Killeen, TX, USA; 30Absolute
Pain Management, Rockville, MD, USA; 31Delaware Valley
Pain and Spine Institute, Trevose, PA, USA; 32School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW, Australia; 33Samwell Institute of
Pain Management, Colonia, Livingston, and Englewood, NJ, USA; 34National Spine and
Pain Centers, Atlantic Beach, FL, USA; 35Metropain, Melbourne, VIC, Australia; 36Neuromodulation: Technology at the Neural Interface, International Neuromodulation Society, Boca Raton, FL, USA; 37Evidence-Based
Pain Management Research, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USACorrespondence: Timothy Ray Deer, The Spine and Nerve Center of the Virginias, 400 Court Street, Charleston, WV, 25304, USA, Tel +1 304 347 6141, Email doctdeer@aol.comIntroduction: Neuromodulation has been a staple of treatment for moderate-to-severe chronic refractory
pain since the introduction of the first spinal cord stimulator by Norman Shealy in 1967. …”
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