Further accelerating the search of differential characteristics based on the SAT method by Zheng XU

“…Sun et al.’s method of using Matsui’s bounding conditions to accelerate the search of differential characteristics was reviewed.Matsui’s boundary conditions and Sun et al.’s method of using Matsui’s bounding conditions to accelerate the search of differential characteristics were improved for better search efficiency.Then an improved method to search for the optimal differential characteristics in block ciphers was proposed.Besides, the accelerating effects of the number of threads and the query condition were investigated, and a strategy for choosing the number of threads and the query condition were proposed.STP and CryptoMiniSat were used to search for 8-round SPECK96 differential characteristics with probabilities of 2^{- 24}, 2^{- 25}, 2^{- 26}and 11-round HIGHT differential characteristics with a probability of 2^{- 39}, then the time-consuming of solving SAT/SMT problems under different number of threads and query conditions were compared.It was found that the number of threads has a great effect on the time consumption of searching for differential characteristics, while the query condition may have little effect on the time consumption of searching for differential characteristics.Then, a strategy on how to select the number of threads and the query condition was proposed.Furthermore, it was found that STP can affect the overall efficiency of the search.According to the proposed strategy, the 11-round optimal differential characteristics of HIGHT were searched by using the improved bounding conditions and improved method.A tight bound for the probability of the 11-round optimal differential characteristics of HIGHT was obtained for the first time, i.e.2^{- 45}.To the best of our knowledge, the existing tightest bound of the optimal 11-round HIGHT is <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <msubsup> <mi>P</mi> <mrow> <mtext>Opt</mtext></mrow> <mrow> <mn>11</mn></mrow> </msubsup> <mo>≥</mo><msup> <mn>2</mn> <mrow> <mo>−</mo><mn>45</mn></mrow> </msup> </math></inline-formula> .This means that using the existing tightest bound of the optimal 11-round HIGHT cannot give an accurate evaluation of the security of 11-round HIGHT against differential cryptanalysis.Therefore, the result is the best-known result.…”
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LEASING AS FORM OF STATE-PRIVATE PARTNERSHIP by E. B. Zavyalova, I. V. Linev

“…The task consists in choosing such form (a legal ground of realization of concrete model) at which PPP will be the most rational and effective. …”
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Protracted Hypocalcemia following 3.5 Parathyroidectomy in a Kidney Pancreas Recipient with a History of Robotic-Assisted Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass by Hugo Bonatti, Naureen Iqbal, Catherine Kling, Willie Melvin, James Broome

“…Alternative bariatric procedures such as sleeve gastrectomy may be more suitable for patients with renal failure or organ transplants in whom adequate absorption of vitamins, minerals, and drugs such as immunosuppressants is essential.…”
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Supporting Self-Regulated Learning in Primary Education: Using Written Learning Guides in the Lessons by Liina Kersna, Kristjan-Julius Laak, Liina Lepp, Margus Pedaste

“…Students were offered a range of options for organising their learning and opportunities to control their learning challenges, including choosing more interesting and difficult tasks, to assess their learning and to collaborate with peers. …”
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Scale-up of CHO cell cultures: from 96-well-microtiter plates to stirred tank reactors across three orders of magnitude by Anne Neuss, Thomas Steimann, Jacinta Sofia Tomas Borges, Robert Dinger, Jørgen Barsett Magnus

“…Results The cultivation conditions in microtiter plates and shake flasks are comparable when choosing the maximum oxygen transfer capacity as a scale-up parameter. …”
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Nonlinearity-Induced Spur Analysis in Fractional-<italic>N</italic> Synthesizers With &#x0394;&#x03A3; Quantization Cancellation by Yizhe Hu, Weichen Tao, Robert Bogdan Staszewski

“…This approach serves as a thorough guide for choosing a low-jitter fractional-N architecture, considering the integral nonlinearity (INL) shaping of DTCs (or DACs) under the control of either a first- or second-order <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\Delta \Sigma $ </tex-math></inline-formula> modulator (DSM). …”
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Research on network risk assessment based on attack graph of expected benefits-rate by Wenfu LIU, Jianmin PANG, Xin ZHOU, Nan LI, Feng YUE

“…As Internet applications and services become more and more extensive, the endless network attacks lead to great risks and challenges to the security of information systems.As a model-based network security risk analysis technology, attack graph is helpful to find the vulnerability between network nodes and the harm of being attacked.It has been proved to be an effective method to find and prevent network security risks.Attack graph is mainly divided into state-based attack graph and attribute-based attack graph.Due to the problem of state explosion in state-based attack graph, most researchers prefer the attribute-based attack graph for network risk assessment.In view of the existing researches on attribute-based attack graph, they excessively rely on the vulnerability of network nodes and the essential attributes of atomic attack.However, they ignore that rational attackers usually choose specific attack paths by maximizing attack benefits.Then, a network risk assessment framework and a quantification method of attack benefits-rate based on expected benefits-rate attack graph were proposed.The network risk assessment framework took the open vulnerability resource database, the new vulnerabilities found by the vulnerability mining system and the big data related to network attack and defense as the basic data source.The network risk assessment framework also took the open source big data platform as the analysis tool to mine and calculate the elements related to attack cost and attack benefit.Using the concepts of cost, benefit and benefit-rate in economics, the calculation model of expected benefit-rate of atomic attack was constructed.By constructing the attribute-based attack graph of the target network, the expected benefit-rate of atomic attack on the attack path was calculated, and the expected benefit-rate list of all possible attack paths was generated.Furthermore, taking the expected goal as the starting point, the search was carried out according to the specific optimization strategy (backtracking method, greedy algorithm, dynamic programming).And the complete attack path with the maximum benefit-rate was obtained, which provided the basis for network risk assessment.The simulation results show the effectiveness and rationality of the proposed expected benefit-rate attack graph network risk assessment method, which can provide support for discovering and preventing network security problems.…”
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Dietary pattern and risk of thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol by Kleyton Santos Medeiros, Jose Brandao-Neto, Yasmin Guerreiro Nagashima, Aline Alves Soares, Camila Xavier Alves, Marcia Marilia Gomes Dantas Lopes

“…Three impartial reviewers will choose the studies and extract data from the original publications. …”
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Comparative characteristics of various methods of osteosynthesis in wounded subjects with gunshot lesions of long bones by P.V. Tanasiienko, V.V. Vasylov

“…The purpose was to compare and choose the optimal osteosynthesis system to improve the provision of medical care to wounded people with gunshot injuries of long bones. …”
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Vancomycin population pharmacokinetic models: Uncovering pharmacodynamic divergence amid clinicobiological resemblance by Peggy Gandia, Sahira Chaiben, Nicolas Fabre, Didier Concordet

“…These differences raise an issue in choosing a model for performing therapeutic drug monitoring using a PopPK model with or without Bayesian approach. …”
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Imperatives of Strengthening Governance in the World Bank’s Engagement in Iraq, 2014–2018 by A. I. Solomatin

“…This paper examines the determinants of the World Bank’s engagement in Iraq after the establishment of a ‘сaliphate’ and the motives behind choosing particular modalities, channels, instruments and priority sectors in its policies towards Iraq during this period. …”
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Distinctive Delta and Theta Responses in Deductive and Probabilistic Reasoning by Emir Faruk Sevim, Yasin Yildirim, Esra Ünsal, Esra Dalmizrak, Bahar Güntekin

“…To better represent the natural use of reasoning, we adopted a design that required participants to choose what type of reasoning they would use. Twenty healthy participants judged the truth values of alternative conclusion propositions following two premises while the EEG was being recorded. …”
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Patterns Exploration on Patterns of Empirical Herbal Formula of Chinese Medicine by Association Rules by Li Huang, Jiamin Yuan, Zhimin Yang, Fuping Xu, Chunhua Huang

“…The patterns during the diagnosis and treatment are selected by the applied algorithm and the relations between clinical symptoms or indications and herb choosing principles will be selected by the association rules algorithm. …”
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Influencing Factors of Snow Melting and Deicing on Carbon Fiber Embedded in Bridge Decks by Yan Tan, Shuang Zheng, Henglin Xiao, JiaMing Xing

“…Under different conditions, choosing the right heating power can effectively improve the efficiency of melting snow and ice on bridge decks. …”
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The Optimal Timing of Strategic Action – A Real Options Approach by Gordon G. Sollars, Sorin Tuluca

“…Companies typically have strategic options with only a limited time frame due to market factors, but companies may choose to act at any time within that constraint. …”
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Passive damping of bending vibrations of a beam near its resonance frequencies using piezoeffect by V. N. Sidorov, N. N. Rogacheva, Yu. G. Zheglova

“…The possibility of increasing the efficiency of vibration damping by choosing the direction of pre-polarization of the piezoelectric material, the location of the electrodes and their number was investigated.Conclusions. …”
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Technology independent optimization when implementing sparse systems of disjunctive normal forms of Boolean functions in ASIC by P. N. Bibilo, S. N. Kardash

“…Objectives. The problem of choosing the best methods and programs for circuit implementation as part of digital ASIC (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) sparse systems of disjunctive normal forms (DNF) of completely defined Boolean functions is considered. …”
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TEACHING PRACTICAL RESEARCH FOR SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL; AN IN-DEPTH STUDY by Marlyn D. Lucas, Hernando L. Bernal Jr, Mark P. Lucas

“… Teaching Practical Research in the Senior High School was a challenge but at the same time a room for exploration. This study investigated the key areas in the interconnected teaching strategies employed to grade 12 students of which are most and least helpful in coming up with a good research output and what suggestions can be given to improve areas that are least useful. …”
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Barriers Affecting Promotion of Active Transportation: A Study on Pedestrian and Bicycle Network Connectivity in Melbourne’s West by Isaac Oyeyemi Olayode, Hing-Wah Chau, Elmira Jamei

“…To encourage active transport, it is important for cities to provide safe and accessible infrastructure for pedestrians and cyclists, as well as incentives for individuals to choose active modes of transportation over private vehicles. …”
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Health Insurance Literacy among the Insured person of the Health Insurance Organization in Tehran, Iran by Parvaneh Bagheri, Alireza Abadi, Ehsan Zarei

“…Objective(s): Health insurance literacy (HIL) is the knowledge, ability, and confidence of people to find and evaluate information about insurance plans, choose the best plan and how to use it. This study was conducted to examine the level of HIL among the insured person of the Iran Health Insurance Organization in Tehran. …”
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