The dual impact of tobacco spending: crowding out essentials and crowding in addictive behaviors by Elvina Merkaj, Drini Imami, Jeffrey Drope

“…To accommodate tobacco costs, many households are forced to reduce essential expenditures on health and education—a phenomenon known as the crowding out effect. …”
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Long term comparison between reprocessed nuclear fuel cycles by Fidéllis Bitencourt Gonzaga Louzada e Estanislau, Carlos Eduardo Velasquez, Antonella Lombardi Costa, Claubia Pereira

“…Advantages and disadvantages of using the strategy of operating with the different nuclear fuel cycles are shown, which include results regarding natural uranium consumption, spent fuel accumulation or utilization, nuclear waste and the nuclear fuel costs for both fuels.…”
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Assessment and evaluation of degree of multilateral well’s performance for determination of their role in oil recovery at a fractured reservoir in Iran by Sadegh Elyasi

“…Current drilling costs may exceed more than million dollars for each well; therefore designing a well completion, which can increase production, is essential. …”
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Mechanical power is maximized during contractile ring-like formation in a biomimetic dividing cell model by Ryota Sakamoto, Michael P. Murrell

“…While intracellular signaling initiates contractile ring assembly during cell division, how mechanical forces coordinate division and their energetic costs remain unclear. Here, we develop an in vitro model where myosin-induced stress drives division-like shape changes in giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs, liposomes). …”
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Active Flow Control in a Radial Vaned Diffuser for Surge Margin Improvement: A Multislot Suction Strategy by Aurélien Marsan, Isabelle Trébinjac, Stéphane Moreau, Sylvain Coste

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5S Method Usage for the Improvement of Production Process in the Manufacturing Company by Oleksiak Beata, Żyszczyński Maciej, Micor Klaudia

“…In the face of growing competition and dynamically changing market requirements, manufacturing companies are forced to continuously improve their processes, increase operational efficiency and reduce costs. The key factor enabling the achievement of these goals is the implementation of organizational tools supporting work optimization. …”
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Board director reputation capital and financial performance of listed firms in Nigeria by Peter Ehizokhale Okpamen, Sunday Oseiweh Ogbeide

“…This will assist to check mate agency costs, demonstration of opportunistic behavior capable of destroying the firm value, There is need for firms to encourage adequate interlocking members who have diverse professional training, high social net worth and experience (experience hypothesis) to positively influence effective management and financial performance of listed firms in Nigeria.…”
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Suboptimal Size: Factors Preventing the Growth of Russian Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises by Victoria Golikova, Boris Kuznetsov

“…Formidable bureaucratic barriers and significant transactional costs increase the vulnerability of small businesses to administrative pressure. …”
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A review of operational factors affecting photovoltaic system performance by Edgar Hernando Sepúlveda-Oviedo

“…The reduction in manufacturing costs of photovoltaic (PV) systems has driven significant growth in the PV industry. …”
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Peculiarities of using digital ruble in bank settlements by I. S. Paramonov, A. V. Rusavskaya

“…It can help simplify settlements between countries and reduce currency exchange costs. In addition, the digital ruble can become an alternative to traditional currencies in international transactions. …”
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The Effect of Resolution and Watermark Strength on Multi-level DWT Image Watermarking by Hüseyin Bilal Macit

“…With the widespread use of the Internet and the decrease in storage costs, many media have been transferred to digital media. …”
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Reinforcement Learning-driven Mechanism Study of Ecological Compensation to Suppress Carbon Lock-in by Yongxin Zhou

“…Specifically, RL-MEC-CL, in a continuous action space, leverages an actor-critic architecture with experience replay and target networks to optimize compensation strategies adaptively, balancing carbon reduction benefits, sequestration enhancement, and policy costs. Experiment results demonstrate that RL-MEC-CL not only improves the efficiency of ecological compensation strategies but also exhibits strong robustness and adaptability, offering valuable insights for optimizing ecological governance pathways.…”
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An intergrated approach to health promotion in the workplace: A review from international experience by Lindiwe I. Zungu, Keitshepile G. Setswe

“…, and for other benefits such as reducing and controlling healthcare costs as a result of the growing epidemics of communicable and non-communicable diseases. …”
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Measuring Influencing Remittance Sending by Indonesian Migrant Workers by Retno Febriyastuti Widyawati, Andi Lopa Ginting

“…The allocation of remittances is used for productive activities such as to meet daily needs and education costs. There are also investment activities such as buying land, buying livestock, and saving in banks. …”
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Dynamics structure of modern innovative enterprise by D. V. Novototskih, V. P. Romanov, M. S. Safonova

“…Adaptation and modification of ontologies for the socialized enterprises is very labor costs, as they require semantic information processing. …”
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An integrated model of threshold-based scaling and fractional admission controlling to improve resource utilization efficiency in 5G core networks. by Ly Cuong Hoa, Thanh Chuong Dang, Viet Minh Nhat Vo

“…Specifically, the need to optimize unused UPF instances to reduce system costs. The paper proposes a fractional admission controlling (FAC) mechanism and integrates it with a Markov chain-based analytical model for threshold-based scaling for UPF instances (called TSUPF-FAC), in which two additional thresholds are added to control UPF instances globally in order to optimize resource utilization. …”
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Peripheral Rural Areas around Poznań and Their Value Measured with Economic Indicators by Aleksandra Godek, Marek Pietrucki

“…The estimation of economic values based on indicators of costs and income from 1 ha of arable land, and their comparison to the indicators included in projections of financial results made for local spatial development plans allow determination of the actual value of rural areas which, as a result of suburbanization, were consumed by residential and economic stimulation. …”
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Relationships of Otolith Dimensions and Weight with Body Length of Three Lethrinid Species (Actinopterygii, Lethrinidae) from Yemen by L. A. Jawad, N. A. Al-Shwafi, G. Aguilar

“…Relationships between fish length and otolith length, width, and weight were studied in three lethrinid species Lethrinus borbonicus Valenciennes 1830, Lethrinus lentjan (Lacepède 1802), and Lethrinus mahsena (Fabricius, 1775) collected from the south of the Red Sea at the costs of the Republic of Yemen. These relationships are important for future research into the biology of these species, including their diet, feeding habits, age, and growth. …”
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Retrospective evaluation of the curative effect of traditional Chinese medicine on dry eye disease by San-Hua Su, Tsung-Jung Ho, Cheng-Chan Yang

“…Moreover, patients with DED who were treated with Western medicine combined with TCM experienced significantly magnified therapeutic effects and reasonable costs of treatment. In conclusion, TCM can be a promising approach for treating DED, and combined treatment with TCM and Western drugs may represent a new strategy for improving the curative effect.…”
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Food-Borne Endocrine-Disruption: An EU Risk Governance Perspective by Maria El Gemayel

“…This disease burden compromises consumer safety and costs the European Union an estimated €163 billion per year. …”
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