BDS-PPP-B2b-Based Smartphone Precise Positioning Model Enhanced by Mixed-Frequency Data and Hybrid Weight Function by Zhouzheng Gao, Zhixiong Wu, Shiyu Liu, Cheng Yang

“…Compared to high-cost hardware-based Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) positioning techniques, smartphone-based precise positioning technology plays an important role in applications such as the Internet of Things (IoT). …”
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The Relevance of Osteoscintigraphy Technique in Early Detection of Bone Metastatic Lesions: a Systematic Review by E. A. Litvinenko, I. V. Burova

“…It was shown that OSG will cost 6 times cheaper than positron emission tomography (PET), and 3 times cheaper than magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). …”
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How the Functional Constitution of Plant Communities in Field Margins Affects Wild Bee Community Composition and Functional Structure by Jane Morrison, Jordi Izquierdo, Eva Hernández Plaza, José L. González-Andújar

“…Maintaining flowering plants in agricultural field margins is often recommended as a cost-effective and efficient method of offering habitat for wild pollinator conservation. …”
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Portable cotton swab biosensor for rapid naked-eye detection of Helicobacter pylori by Ghadeer.A.R.Y. Suaifan, Asmaa Alnajajrah, Ward Abu Jbara, Amr A. El-Mousa, Fahid Abu Jbara, Doha A.I. Al-Omari, Mayadah B. Shehadeh

“…This study presents the development of a rapid, simple and cost-effective cotton swab-based colorimetric biosensor for the visual detection of H. pylori in saliva. …”
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“Smart support for fruit farm business decision-making: A framework for digital controlling adoption” by Luis Müller, Robert Luer, Wolfgang Lentz

“…This study contributes a conceptual framework to broaden the understanding of the often negatively perceived cost-benefit ratio of controlling in small and medium-sized enterprises and identifies strategies to strengthen its practical relevance.…”
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LSD-Det: A Lightweight Detector for Small Ship Targets in SAR Images by Zhen Wang, Bin Qin, Shang Gao

“…Experiments conducted on two publicly available SAR ship detection datasets, SSDD and HRSID, demonstrate that LSD-Det significantly reduces computational cost while maintaining high detection performance. …”
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Developing a multi-variate prediction model for COVID-19 from crowd-sourced respiratory voice data by Yuyang Yan, Wafaa Aljbawi, Sami O. Simons, Visara Urovi

“…Aim: COVID-19 has affected more than 223 countries worldwide and in the post-COVID era, there is a pressing need for non-invasive, low-cost, and highly scalable solutions to detect COVID-19. …”
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Conceptual approaches to assessment and allocation of unused lands for organic agriculture projects by V. V. Borodychev, V. A. Shevchenko, M. N. Lytov

“…Carrying out research in accordance with the architecture of the developed algorithms allows, at the lowest cost, to develop optimal solutions for the creation and implementation of an organic agriculture project on cultivated, previously unused, agricultural lands.…”
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A comprehensive study on restoring properties in expired/aged ABS materials: advanced techniques, additive integration and challenges for sustainable industrial reuse and manufactu... by G. A. Munshi, Venkatesh M. Kulkarni

“…The challenges include the cost-effectiveness, technical limitations, and regulatory concerns surrounding the use of restored ABS. …”
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Development of a Simple HPLC Method for the Analysis of Ergosterol and UV-Enriched Vitamin D₂ in Mushroom Powders by Judit Bajzát, András Misz, József Rácz, Máté Vágvölgyi, Csaba Csutorás, Csaba Vágvölgyi

“…In this study, a straightforward and cost-effective HPLC-UV method was developed for the rapid determination of vitamin D₂ and ergosterol in mushrooms. …”
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Novel approaches to enable equitable access to monoclonal antibodies in low- and middle-income countries. by Shelly Malhotra, Anne-Isabelle Cameron, Dzintars Gotham, Esteban Burrone, Peter J Gardner, Colleen Loynachan, Sébastien Morin, Cherise P Scott, Carmen Pérez-Casas

“…New business models are needed to incentivize development and manufacturing of ID mAbs and to ensure mAbs are optimized with a target product profile and cost of goods that enable use in diverse LMIC settings. …”
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Open-Source vs. Commercial Photogrammetry: Comparing Accuracy and Efficiency of OpenDroneMap and Agisoft Metashape by A. Kostrzewa, A. Płatek-Żak, P. Banat, Ł. Wilk

“…Commercial software typically offers higher accuracy but comes at a high cost, while open-source solutions provide a free alternative, though they are less intuitive for some users. …”
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Experimental study on the energy absorption capacity of concrete masonry unit under ballistic impact by Francisco Mendoza, Maria Chiquito, Ricardo Castedo, Jose I. Yenes, Santiago M. Almajano, Lina M. Lopez, Anastasio P. Santos

“…The findings highlight the potential of sand-filled concrete blocks, achieving kinetic energy absorption rates close to 100 %, making them a cost-effective and widely available defensive solution in high-risk areas, where they can provide enhanced ballistic resistance with rapid deployment capabilities.…”
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Over-the-Air Testing of Cognitive Radio Nodes in a Virtual Electromagnetic Environment by Rajesh K. Sharma, Wim Kotterman, Markus H. Landmann, Christopher Schirmer, Christian Schneider, Frank Wollenschläger, Giovanni Del Galdo, Matthias A. Hein, Reiner S. Thomä

“…Although MIMO-OTA testing addresses many limitations of single antenna-conducted test systems, more dimensions and parameters to be addressed in the new scenarios imply further increase in cost and complexity. Closed-loop OTA test setups for CR evaluation are discussed along with an overview of other test scenarios.…”
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Prediction of the incidence of lyme disease using mathematical modeling methods (using the example of the Kirov region) by Elena O. Utenkova, Ilya S. Knyazhev, Nikolay S. Shchur

“…The economic damage caused by Lyme disease includes the cost of treating patients and eliminating natural foci. …”
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Optimization of household medical waste recycling logistics routes: Considering contamination risks. by Jihui Hu, Ying Zhang, Yanqiu Liu, Jiaqi Hou, Aobei Zhang

“…The study's holistic approach to waste recycling route planning, which integrates cost-effectiveness with pollution risk and traffic congestion considerations, offers substantial support for enterprises in formulating sustainable green development strategies. …”
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Application of endoscopic extended endonasal transsphenoidal approach for cerebrospinal fluid rhinorrhea repair in primary hospitals by HUANG Ping, LU Wen⁃he, HAO Yun⁃feng, BAI Gui⁃ping, DOU Chang⁃wu, JU Hai⁃tao

“…Conclusions The endoscopic expanded endonasal transsphenoidal approach for CSFR repair demonstrates favorable efficacy and safety in primary hospitals, along with cost ⁃ saving benefits, making it worthy of wider adoption.…”
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Integration of geospatial foundation models in unsupervised change detection workflows for landslide identification by Julia Anna Leonardi, Valerio Marsocci, Vasil Yordanov, Maria Antonia Brovelli

“…As climate change increases landslide frequency, rapid and automated detection systems are essential for a timely response. However, the high cost of annotating satellite datasets has driven interest toward unsupervised methods that could operate effectively with limited data. …”
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A Hybrid Control Scheme for a Single-Stage LED Driver With Inherent Power Factor Correction and Low Flicker by Christian K. Kruuse, Nicolai J. Dahl, Bima N. Sanusi, Michael A. E. Andersen, Ahmed M. Ammar

“…The end-to-end driver structure incorporates a single half-bridge circuit for switching, resulting in a compact cost-effective solution. The driver operates with zero-voltage switching (ZVS) across the entire load range, allowing for increased switching frequency with high efficiency. …”
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An Adaptive Variance Adjustment Strategy for a Static Background Error Covariance Matrix—Part I: Verification in the Lorenz-96 Model by Lilan Huang, Hongze Leng, Junqiang Song, Dongzi Wang, Wuxin Wang, Ruisheng Hu, Hang Cao

“…By formulating variance rescaling as a Markov Decision Process and employing an actor–critic framework with Proximal Policy Optimization, DRL-AST autonomously selects spatio-temporal rescaling factors, enhancing assimilation and forecast accuracy without additional computational cost. As a new paradigm for adaptive variance tuning, DRL-AST demonstrates competitive improvements in forecast skill in experiments with the Lorenz-96 model by generating initial states that better conform to model dynamical consistency. …”
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