Insurance as a safety instrument of bank loans by L.L. Katranzhy, A.S. Maryna

“…The advantages of using credit risk insurance for a bank are the ability to use this tool for any categories of borrowers, taking into account the peculiarities of the loan agreement, the solvency of the borrower, the conditions for repaying the loan, as well as the relatively small insurance costs. Under the condition of insurance of credit risks, banks no longer need to form additional reserves for certain loan agreements and immobilize part of the financial resources, which helps to ensure the stability of the current work on customer service for both active and passive operations of the bank. …”
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The Electronation of Enforcement Proceedings in Poland-The Beginning or The End of The Electronation Process by Kinga Flaga-Gieruszyńska, JoannA Studzińska

“…Thanks to gradual electronization involving the use of devices and software, civil proceedings were accelerated, costs were reduced and the possibility of communicating with the court without leaving home was made possible, which not only facilitated the day-to-day functioning of courts but also increased trust in the judicial authorities. …”
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PROCESS OF CHANGES OF MAINTENANCE-FREE ONBOARD SYSTEM OPERATIONAL STATUS BETWEEN SCHEDULED MAINTENANCES by A. M. Bronnikov, D. V. Morozov

“…Basing on the information about the probabilities of the on-board equipment being in an operable, extreme or failed state, it is possible to calculate such complex efficiency indicators as the average loss of sorties, the average operating costs, the expected number of emergency recovery operations and others. …”
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Technology and equipment for harvest and transportation of grain in selection and primary seed breeding by N. E. Evtyushenkov, M. L. Kryukov, E. P. Shilova, S. V. Vlasova

“…Use of such containers will allow to lower labor and farm costs and by 5 times, to double filling of warehouses, completely to liquidate manual works at loading and unloading operations, to reduce wasted time by 1.5-2 times.…”
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Transfer Probability-Based Job Reallocation Method for Heterogeneous Edge Clouds by Kohei Ogawa, Sumiko Miyata, Kenji Kanai

“…Current k-means-based server-placement and job-allocation methods primarily minimize communication costs but fail to handle heterogeneous server performance. …”
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Youth agripreneurs' preferences and willingness to pay for climate-smart dairy technologies in Kenya by Dickson Otieno Okello

“…Abstract Nakuru County, a leading dairy farming region in Kenya, faces challenges such as climate variability, high feed costs, and limited access to modern technologies, which hinder productivity and profitability. …”
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Estudos sobre fungos micorrízicos Studies on mycorrhizal fungi by Vênia C. de Souza, Ricardo A. da Silva, Gleibson D. Cardoso, Artur F. Barreto

“…The techniques of modern Science formed the bases of the mycorrhizalogy that spread in world and today represents an important branch of Biological Sciences, with great possibilities for the commercial scanning, aiming to magnify the wood production, vegetable fibers and foods and to reduce the costs and the impact of modern systems of production on environment. …”
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Applications of the Shapley Value to Financial Problems by Olamide Ayodele, Sunday Timileyin Ayodeji, Kayode Oshinubi

“…In many scenarios, participants contribute unequally to collective outcomes, raising the question of how to distribute costs, benefits, or opportunities in a justifiable and optimal manner. …”
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SimpleScale: Simplifying the Training of an LLM Model Using 1024 GPUs by Tianfa Li, Jingshan Pan, Siwei Ma, Aleksandr Raikov, Alexander Arkhipov

“…For example, utilizing a 16-H100 GPU cluster accelerated the traditional TinyLlama training time costs from 89.05 days to 39.05 days. In the future, the project team plans to integrate Flash-Attention3, aiming for an MFU of more than 60% while maintaining the acceleration achieved in the present work.…”
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Customer’s Adoption Intentions toward Autonomous Delivery Vehicle Services: Extending DOI Theory with Social Awkwardness and Use Experience by Miaojia Lu, Chengyuan Huang, Ran Wang, Hao Li

“…The high demand and acute timeliness that characterizes instant delivery entail the challenges of high labor costs and an increase in courier traffic accidents. …”
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Performance analysis of three-dimensional passive micromixers using k-means priority clustering with AHP-based sustainable design optimization by Syed Farhan Javed, M. Emran Khan, Zeinebou Yahya, M. Javed Idrisi, Worku Tenna

“…Test 18 (Re = 200, Mixing Path = 25 mm, Velocity = 4.2 m/s, Channel Width = 5 mm) achieves 98% mixing efficiency with a 500 Pa pressure drop, optimizing performance with lower energy costs. Finally, this design leads to remarkable improvements in mixing efficiency over a broad spectrum of Reynolds numbers.…”
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DETERMINING AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE PREMIUMS USING THE BLACK-SCHOLES APPROACH BASED ON LINEAR REGRESSION OF POTATO PRODUCTION AND PRICES by Sri Purwani, Sarah Sutisna, Rayyan Al Muddatstsir Fasa

“…Price fluctuations, which often occur in the agricultural sector, cause farmers to experience losses when selling prices are not balanced with production costs. The government is trying to minimize farmers' losses by issuing an agricultural insurance program. …”
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Adoption of e-learning in Zimbabwe’s higher education: Opportunities and challenges by Pinias Chikuvadze, Joseph Zuva, Samuel Mugijima, Patrick C. Rusike

“…This led to the interrogation of the potential of e-learning to enhance accessibility, reduce costs, and improve educational outcomes. However, it also identifies significant barriers, including limited internet connectivity, inadequate technological infrastructure and resistance to change from both lecturers and students.  …”
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Policy-Driven Scenarios for Sustainable Peri-Urban Land Use: Production–Living–Ecological Space in Yubei District, Chongqing by Yilong Li, Yu-Ting Tang, Christopher D. Ives

“…Using the transformation of production–living–ecological (PLE) spaces in the Yubei District, a peri-urban district in Chongqing (2005 to 2020), as the baseline, the projections, simulated for 2035 under four scenarios, highlight the impacts of varying land-use policies: the reference scenario (RS), allowing unrestricted transformations, risks agricultural productivity and ecological integrity; the economic development scenario (S1) reveals the ecological costs associated with an economics-driven urban expansion; in contrast, the green development (S2) and agricultural land protection (S3) scenarios prioritize balanced growth and agricultural-land preservation so that ecological resilience and food security can be effectively maintained. …”
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Development of the bamboo forest economy: Reviewing China's 'bamboo as a substitute for plastic initiative' and its development by Yanyi Li, Nan Wang, Abdul Rais Abdul Latiff

“…We identify several challenges facing China's bamboo industry, including an incomplete industrial chain, high development costs and low mechanisation, and present specific policy recommendations designed to facilitate the sustainable advancement of the bamboo forest economy. …”
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Definition in testing for the probability of exit of the aircraft in informational contact with air objects by S. V. Nikolaev, A. A. Tikhonov, D. S. Merencov

“…In addition, detecting the given performance indicator in flight experiments is inappropriate because of significant resource costs. This technique is suitable for practical testing purposes and allows determining the aircraft efficiency index when searching air objects – the probability of an information contact with a typical air facility. …”
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Task switching with probabilistic reward schemes by Markus Janczyk, Ludwig Danwitz, Kerstin Fröber, Bettina von Helversen

“…However, reward had no impact on switch costs. These results are discussed in the broader context of decision-making research, particularly in relation to strategies like WSLS and possibly different levels of cognitive processes affected by our manipulation and that of studies investigating transitions of reward prospect.…”
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Review and Mapping of Search-Based Approaches for Program Synthesis by Takfarinas Saber, Ning Tao

“…Context: Program synthesis tools reduce software development costs by generating programs that perform tasks depicted by some specifications. …”
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Circular Economy in Agricultural Production: Potential for Implementation in New Institutional Conditions by Maria V. Tereshina, Sergey G. Tyaglov, Evgeniya V. Atamas

“…The differential characteristics of the concept of circular agricultural production are determined; the basic principles and limitations of a circular economy in agriculture are highlighted, as well as the benefits and costs of a circular transition in agriculture. Some specific characteristics of agricultural production in Krasnodar Territory are described, which determine the priority of implementing circular practices. …”
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Improving Healthcare Service Quality: A System Dynamics Approach to Managing Visit Times and Reducing Error Rates by Fatemeh Ghayoor, Donya Rahmani

“…The study underscores the importance of balancing workforce optimization with system costs to achieve long-term improvements in service quality. …”
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