Estimating treatment effects using parametric models as counter-factual evidence by Richard Jackson, Philip Johnson, Sarah Berhane, Ruwanthi Kolamunnage-Dona, David Hughes, Susanna Dodd, John Neoptolemos, Daniel Palmer, Trevor Cox

“…Abstract Randomisation controlled trial are the gold standard for causal inference, however the rapidly increasing development of new treatments and the movement towards personalised medicine mean there is a need to measure efficacy outside of the costly and time-consuming RCT. Here we propose a method of estimating treatment effects using parametric models to act as control against which to compare data from an experimental arm. …”
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Plasma Proteome Profiling to detect and avoid sample‐related biases in biomarker studies by Philipp E Geyer, Eugenia Voytik, Peter V Treit, Sophia Doll, Alisa Kleinhempel, Lili Niu, Johannes B Müller, Marie‐Luise Buchholtz, Jakob M Bader, Daniel Teupser, Lesca M Holdt, Matthias Mann

“…We provide sample preparation guidelines and an online resource ( www.plasmaproteomeprofiling.org ) to assess overall sample‐related bias in clinical studies and to prevent costly miss‐assignment of biomarker candidates.…”
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Leveraging Blockchain Technology for Secure 5G Offloading Processes by Cristina Regueiro, Santiago de Diego, Borja Urkizu

“…However, challenges such as limited infrastructure, signal interference, and high upgrade costs persist. Offloading processes already address these issues but they require more transparency and security. …”
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A review of regenerative medicine and tissue engineering with a focus on wound healing and anti-aging by Ovya Ganesan, Ovya Ganesan, Harriet Kiwanuka, Ryoko Hamaguchi, Dennis P. Orgill, Dennis P. Orgill

“…These technologies remain costly, may compromise ethical tenets, and may introduce safety risks. …”
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Predicting Restroom Dirtiness Based on Water Droplet Volume Using the LightGBM Algorithm by Sumio Kurose, Hironori Moriwaki, Tadao Matsunaga, Sang-Seok Lee

“…This study examines restroom cleanliness in public facilities, department stores, supermarkets, and schools by using water droplet volumes around washbowls as an indicator of usage. Rising cleaning costs due to labour shortages necessitate more efficient restroom maintenance. …”
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Time-windows constrained electric logistics vehicle routing optimization model and its dispatching benefits analysis in the energy market by Jiwei Wang, Jun Mo, Hui Yang

“…Our results demonstrate significant scheduling benefits: the logistics operator’s operating costs are reduced by 5.59% and 8.22% under the price-based and incentive-based demand response mechanisms, respectively, while the power grid operator reduces operational losses by 29.96% through game interactions with the logistics operator.…”
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Overview of the Patents and Patent Applications on Upper Guardrail Protection Systems for Motorcyclists by Laura Brigita Parežnik, Marko Renčelj, Tomaž Tollazzi

“…The selected solutions were evaluated according to their technical design, ease of installation, potential for recycling, environmental compatibility, and expected costs. Our comparative analysis reveals that while some patents or patent applications offer promising features, such as flexible caps, bent plates, or modular attachments, none comprehensively address all safety, environmental, and economic requirements. …”
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Direction of Arrival (DOA) Estimation Using a Deep Unfolded Learned Iterative Shrinkage Thresholding Algorithm (LISTA) Network in a Non-Uniform Metasurface by Xinyi Niu, Xiaolong Su, Lida He, Guanchao Chen

“…To address these issues, we optimize a non-uniform metasurface array to reduce hardware costs and mutual coupling effects while enhancing resolution. …”
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Stakeholder Strategies and Factors Influencing the Pilot Reform of Building Rental Housing on Collectively Owned Land: An Evolutionary Game Methodology by Linghui Liu, Dan Cheng, Tianyi Wang, Jiangni Li

“…Key factors influencing stakeholders include policy risk, market risk, the local government’s stance on the pilot policy, communication, coordination costs, the capabilities of collective economic organizations, and expected benefits, all of which can lead to conflicts among stakeholders. …”
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Workpiece position optimisation in robotic multi-axis machining by Tomáš Kratěna, Petr Vavruška, Jiří Švéda, Pavel Zeman

“…The advantages include lower acquisition costs compared to CNC machines and a larger working space with respect to the machine footprint. …”
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Substantial gains and little downside from farming of Totoaba macdonaldi by Julia M. Lawson, Simon Jean, Andrew Steinkruger, Miguel Castellanos-Rico, Garrett M. Goto, Miguel Á. Cisneros-Mata, Erendira Aceves-Bueno, Matthew M. Warham, Adam M. Sachs, Steven D. Gaines

“…Our results are sensitive to costs, demand, product substitutability, market structure, and combinations thereof, and we discuss how to quantitatively evaluate and mitigate for these issues.…”
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Adaptive Multi-Robot Exploration for Unknown Environments Using Edge-Weighted Path Planning by Farhad Baghyari, Tyler Parsons, Jaho Seo, Byeongjin Kim, Mingeuk Kim, Hanmin Lee

“…Existing centralized approaches struggle with scalability, while decentralized methods often incur high computational costs and inefficient task coordination. This study presents a scalable and adaptive multi-robot exploration algorithm that adaptively updates edge weights based on visit counts, reservations, and obstacles to optimize path allocation and minimize redundant scanning. …”
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Stochastic 3D reconstruction of cracked polycrystalline NMC particles using 2D SEM data by Philipp Rieder, Orkun Furat, Francois L. E. Usseglio-Viretta, Jeffery Allen, Peter J. Weddle, Donal P. Finegan, Kandler Smith, Volker Schmidt

“…However, informative 3D imaging techniques are time-consuming, costly and rarely available, such that analyses often have to rely on 2D image data. …”
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ML enhanced bioactivity prediction for angiotensin II receptor: A potential anti-hypertensive drug target by Jeyanthi Sankar, Venkatesh Rajendran, Beena Briget Kuriakose, Amani Hamad Alhazmi, Ling Shing Wong, Karthikeyan Muthusamy

“…Through AI-driven approaches researchers in the field of drug discovery are able to effectively identify a majority of promising drug candidates, expediting the lead optimization process while reducing costs. This paradigm shift not only accelerates therapeutic development but also minimizes the need for exhaustive in vitro or in vivo testing, thus enhancing the efficiency of drug discovery endeavours.…”
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Tax benefits as a basic component of the investment tax expenditure management system in the region by S. N. Rukina, K. A. Gerasimova, A. S. Takmazyan, K. N. Samoylova

“…The abandonment of tax costs assessment has been carried out by their supervisors in favor of software product of the Federal Tax Service of Russia developed jointly with the Ministry of Finance of Russia. …”
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Bayesian Network in Structural Health Monitoring: Theoretical Background and Applications Review by Qi-Ang Wang, Ao-Wen Lu, Yi-Qing Ni, Jun-Fang Wang, Zhan-Guo Ma

“…The research outcomes hold significant theoretical and engineering implications for advancing SHM technology development, reducing operational and maintenance costs, and ensuring the safety of public infrastructure.…”
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Bank profitability under environmental and climate pressures: the case of European banks by Wenjing Jiang, Yue Hu, Simona Nistor, Yicheng Xu

“…These results demonstrate that while proactively addressing climate risks incurs short-term costs, it is economically beneficial for banks in the long run. …”
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Economic Feasibility for Recycling of Waste Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules by Idiano D’Adamo, Michela Miliacca, Paolo Rosa

“…The absence of valuable materials plays a key role, and process costs are the main critical variables.…”
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The Impact of Step Therapy on Individuals with Psoriatic Disease in the USA: Patient and Provider Perspectives by Georgia Marquez-Grap, Dayna L. Pham, Andrea Leung, Melissa C. Leeolou, Allison Kranyak, Wilson Liao

“…Originally designed to contain costs of specialty drugs, step therapy has a number of negative impacts on patients and providers, both personally and clinically. …”
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Risk Factors Modifying the Parameters of Volumetric Sphygmography (A Literature Review) by Rudoi, M.D., Makarova, E.V., Troshin, V.V.

“…The methodology is relatively simple, does not require significant time or costly materials, and can be carried out by general medical staff. …”
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