Surrogate endpoints in diabetic kidney disease: current perspectives and future directions by Can Cao, Jiale Zhang, Tong Ma, Juan Miao, Weiwei Sun

“…The incorporation of surrogate endpoints in clinical trials has emerged as a pivotal strategy for assessing the efficacy of novel therapies, facilitating the reduction of trial duration and associated costs. Currently, the rate of change in estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and urinary albumin excretion, either independently or in combination, serve as reliable surrogate endpoints for evaluating DKD progression. …”
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Long-term impacts of historical education policy on wages in China: insights on over-education by Xiaodong Chen, Ding Li, Pengyu Zhu

“…This increase is mainly attributed to the continuation of cultural norms influencing human capital (workers’ degree and positional title structures by gender and direct educational investments) and social capital (innovation, transport, paid-in capital structure, and welfare costs), along with migration patterns that attract talent. …”
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Assessing the Effect of Health Insurance to Social Development of People in Rukomo-Nyagatare District-Rwanda. by Mutesi, Grace

“…Many theoretical models argued that health insurance protects households from health problems and associated costs. Using integrated household living condition survey data and qualitative data, i explored the effects of illness on households and whether they are prevented from impoverishment effects of health expenditure payments. …”
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The Effects of Inventory Control on Construction Companies: A Case Study of Kavuma Investments Limited. by Atwongyeire, Pleasure

“…While reviewing, the research mainly focused on approaches to inventory control, inventory costs incurred in the procurement process and the relationship between approaches of inventory control and the performance of Kavuma Investments Ltd. …”
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The Effects of Classification of Records on Effective Retrieval of Information.A Case Of Kabale District Headquarters Registry. by Vivian, Kyarisiima

“…The effect of poor Classification on retrieval of information were; it does not provide a correct reference service, poor creation and growth of records, time wastage, increase of operating costs, poor safeguard of vital Information, increase efficiency and productivity of records and does not support better management of decision making. …”
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Design and Prototype of a Local Relay Fault Detection System for Three Phase Power Lines. by Lutaama, Samuel

“…A review of existing systems, including relay-based and microcontroller-based solutions, reveals challenges such as high costs and scalability. The methodology covers system architecture, fault detection algorithms, and the prototype development process, which integrates sensors and a user interface for monitoring. …”
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Effect of Family Socio-Economic status on Student’s Academic Performance in Kanungu Town Council- Kanungu District. by Amos Gard, Niwagaba

“…In conclusion, parents are encouraged to produce children whom they can manage to cater for in terms of education and they should get involved in income generating projects so as to improve on their household income in order to meet the related educational costs of their children.…”
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Kabale University Public-Private Partnership (PPP) Policy by Kabale University

“…WHEREAS Kabale University is a Public University established under the Universities and Other Tertiary Institutions Act, 2001 (as amended) by Statutory Instrument No. 36 of July, 2015, with the main aim of becoming an efficient and effective University that excels in teaching, learning, research, innovation and community engagement and to become a sustainable vibrant University of academic excellence in the Great Lakes Region and beyond; AND WHEREAS the Government of Uganda enacted the Public Private Partnership Act, 2015 which establishes Public-Private Partnership (PPP) as a model and a framework of providing efficient services and excellent quality public goods, WHEREAS the Kabale University Council through this framework recognizes the increasing involvement and importance of private sector in provision of excellent quality public goods and services in a resource constrained environment as an alternative funding model for acquiring and administering infrastructural projects and other related services on behalf of the University in the medium to long-term; AND WHEREAS, this policy targets to acquire and provide excellent quality public goods and services to the University at competitive costs and utilize private sector expertise and finance, and deliverables at reduced risks that are inherent in delivery of public infrastructures and services. …”
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Vesicular Carriers for Phytochemical Delivery: A Comprehensive Review of Techniques and Applications by Shery Jacob, Fathima Sheik Kather, Sai H. S. Boddu, Rekha Rao, Anroop B. Nair

“…Phytochemical delivery via vesicular carriers faces challenges such as low stability, limited active loading, scalability issues, and high production costs. Additionally, immune clearance and regulatory hurdles hinder clinical application, requiring improved carrier design and formulation techniques.…”
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Comparison of Different Systems of Roe Deer (C. capreolus) Trophy Evaluation by Milan Urošević, Milivoje Urošević, Darko Drobnjak, Yusuf Ziya Oğrak, Dragutin Matarugić, Stojić Petar

“…Where it was possible, a comparison of the commercial trophy value under the old and new system was carried out, in order to determine whether the same trophy costs the same in both systems, or which system is economically advantageous for the hunter. …”
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Study on the Comfort Properties of Knitted Fabrics Produced from Conventional and Sustainable Cotton and Polyester Fibres by Arzu Marmarali, Mehmet Sevgi

“… Recently, the production of organic fibres and the recycling of textile waste have become essential global issues due to the decrease in non-renewable resources and the increase in disposal costs. The aim of this work was to identify changes in the properties of single jersey knitwear produced from conventional and sustainable fibres after 20 washes. …”
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Mechanism- and data-driven algorithms of electrical energy consumption accounting and prediction for medium and heavy plate rolling by Qiang Guo, Zimeng Zhou, Jie Li, Fengwei Jing

“…Energy consumption accounting and prediction in the medium and thick plate rolling process are crucial for controlling costs, improving production efficiency, optimizing equipment management, and enhancing the market competitiveness of enterprises. …”
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An Overview of CubeSat Missions and Applications by Konstantinos-Panagiotis Bouzoukis, Georgios Moraitis, Vassilis Kostopoulos, Vaios Lappas

“…We analyze the key enabling factors behind the CubeSat revolution, including decreased launch costs, miniaturized electronics, standardized components, and institutional support frameworks. …”
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Interpretable protein-DNA interactions captured by structure-sequence optimization by Yafan Zhang, Irene Silvernail, Zhuyang Lin, Xingcheng Lin

“…Overall, IDEA provides an integrated computational platform that alleviates experimental costs and biases in assessing DNA recognition and can be utilized for mechanistic studies of various DNA-recognition processes.…”
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Reducing the Carbon Emissions of the Decentralized Joint Distribution Alliance by Order Allocation: A 2-Stage Approach Based on Routing Optimization and Worst-Case Estimation by Fei Bu, Lulu Sun, Meng Zhang, Dong Li

“…If logistics companies unilaterally aim to reduce their own costs, it can easily lead to an increase in carbon emissions from the alliance, which can have adverse effects. …”
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Increasing adoption of grain postharvest technology by smallholder farmers: a five-pronged strategy by Theresa Nakoma-Ngoma, Theresa Nakoma-Ngoma, John F. Leslie, Maurice Monjerezi, Brighton M. Mvumi, Tafireyi Chamboko, Elija Kamundi, Andrew Thadzi, Bertha Kachala, Aggrey Pemba Gama, Beston Maonga, Jagger Harvey, Limbikani Matumba

“…These complex barriers include limited awareness and training, limited local availability, initial high costs, low harvest volumes, underestimation of losses, socio-cultural constraints, and weak institutional and policy support. …”
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A New Support Vector Machine Based on Convolution Product by Wei-Chang Yeh, Yunzhi Jiang, Shi-Yi Tan, Chih-Yen Yeh

“…Nonetheless, smaller datasets may be very important, costly, and not easy to obtain in a short time. This paper proposes a novel convolutional SVM (CSVM) that has the advantages of both CNN and SVM to improve the accuracy and effectiveness of mining smaller datasets. …”
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Surface Roughness Investigation Through Interplay of Cutting Speed and Thermal-Assisted Machining in High-Speed Machining of SKD11 Steel by Long-Vinh Bui, Thi-Bich Mac, Duc-Toan Nguyen

“…The primary objective is to ascertain optimal speed and temperature ranges that synergistically enhance machining efficiency, curtail costs, and elevate surface quality. The experimental protocol initiates with room temperature milling of SKD11 steel, progressively elevating the temperature gradient to systematically appraise temperature's impact on surface roughness under both conventional and elevated cutting speeds. …”
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Grouped Byzantine fault tolerant consensus algorithm based on aggregated signatures by Yong Wang, Qiancheng Wan, Yifan Wu, Lijie Chen

“…Abstract The Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance consensus algorithm faces several challenges in large-scale networks, such as the simplistic primary node selection, high communication overhead, poor scalability, and low costs for malicious behavior. To address these issues, this paper proposes a Grouped Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Consensus Algorithm based on aggregated signatures (GABFT). …”
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Strength, weakness, opportunities and challenges (SWOC) experience of histopathology image analysis, enhanced by artificial intelligence by Narendra Nath Singh, Ankita Tandon, Pavithra Jayasankar

“…However, it is important to carefully consider concerns related to bias, costs, data quality, and regulatory standards. Histopathology image analysis is critical for precise and early diagnosis, particularly cancer detection. …”
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