Overcoming the Challenges to Primary Healthcare and Universal Health Coverage in Nigeria: The Pivotal Role of the Family Physician by Ibrahim S. Bello, Abdulakeem A. Ahmed, Blessing T. Olaniyi, Fatai A. Olaniyan, Omowonuola O. Sonibare

“…Other significant challenges include chronic underfunding, with health expenditure consistently below the 15% target set by the Abuja Declaration, and out-of-pocket expenses making up to 70% of health costs. Infrastructure gaps are extensive, as only about 20% of PHC facilities are fully operational, further strained by critical shortages of water, sanitation, and reliable electricity. …”
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Vocal constraints on song amplitude in star finches Bathilda ruficauda by Hana Goto, Masayo Soma, Ayumi Mizuno, Henrik Brumm

“…While the evolution of birdsong is often viewed as constrained by neural costs and body size, or selective pressures from predators and social aggression, our results emphasise the importance of understanding phonetic features as well. …”
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A Novel Evolutionary Deep Learning Approach for PM_2.5 Prediction Using Remote Sensing and Spatial–Temporal Data: A Case Study of Tehran by Mehrdad Kaveh, Mohammad Saadi Mesgari, Masoud Kaveh

“…Training LSTM models, however, is an NP-hard problem, with gradient-based methods facing limitations such as getting trapped in local minima, high computational costs, and the need for continuous objective functions. …”
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The Effect of Hearing Aid Amplification on Gait Parameters: A Pilot Study Using Ear-Worn Motion Sensors by Ann-Kristin Seifer, Arne Küderle, Kaja Strobel, Ronny Hannemann, Björn M. Eskofier

“…For stride time, we observed a significant interaction effect; however, the effect size was negligible. The dual-task costs were lower than in previous reports, indicating that the applied dual-task paradigm did not induce the expected cognitive demand. …”
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Privacy-Preserving Keyword Search With Access Control for Secret Sharing-Based Data Outsourcing by Ahmad Akmal Aminuddin Mohd Kamal, Masamune Okada, Masaya Fujisawa

“…We compare the proposed methods in terms of their computational and communication costs. Finally, we present a detailed performance analysis using Python, including a comparison with conventional secret sharing-based methods.…”
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Handheld lidar sensors can accurately measure aboveground biomass by David H. Atkins, Ryan C. Blackburn, Daniel C. Laughlin, Margaret M. Moore, Andrew J. Sánchez Meador

“…Together, our results demonstrate that data collected using a more widely available platform will perform similarly to a more costly option and outline a workflow for modeling AGB using remote sensing systems alone.…”
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MMEFU-Net: A Mamba-Guided Multi-Encoder Fusion U-Net for Tumor Segmentation in CT Images by Renzheng Xue, Zifeng Zhang, Yaxin Zhao, Qing Zhang, Minghui Liang

“…The model achieves superior Dice Similarity Coefficients (DSC) and Intersection over Union (IoU) scores while significantly reducing computational costs. Notably, MMEFU-Net improves the DSC by 2.16% compared to nnU-Net on the LiTS2017 dataset, with a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$35\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduction in parameters and a <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$25\times $ </tex-math></inline-formula> reduction in computational complexity. …”
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Improving wheat yield and water use efficiency through soil water-guided furrow irrigation and hydraulic simulation by Dong-Hyeon Kim, Younggu Her, Liguang Cheng, Taeil Jang

“…Despite the increasing adoption of precision irrigation technologies including drip and sprinkler systems, traditional methods such as furrow irrigation remain widely used among small-scale farmers due to their lower costs and simpler management requirements. However, limited research has focused on improving the efficiency of furrow irrigation, which holds significant potential for enhancing water use efficiency and agricultural productivity, particularly in regions prone to drought and flood. …”
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Transcending Fixed Infrastructure: Leveraging Mobile RSUs for Dynamic Collective Perception Services in VANETs by Thenuka Karunathilake, Anna Forster

“…This increase is likely to result in more accidents and greater financial costs due to traffic congestion. Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) offer a promising solution to address these issues by facilitating information exchange, thereby enhancing situational awareness. …”
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Fluid-Dynamic and Structural Optimization of a Suction-Enabled Autonomous Grass-Cutter Robot by Shenoy Adithya Kamalaksha, Abhishek Kumar, Rithvik Marneni, Kamarul Arifin Ahmad, Spoorthi Singh, Sharul Sham Dol

“…Autonomous grass-cutter robots are increasingly important for precision agriculture and turf management, offering the potential to reduce labour costs, improve safety, and enhance operational efficiency. …”
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An evaluation of patient satisfaction with telemedicine at the Rheumatology Outpatient Clinic of the San Fernando Teaching Hospital by Esther Ramlakhan, Haramnauth Dyaanand, Gavaskar Ramnanansingh

“…Time off issues (13.0%), timing inconvenience (12.4%), and traveling costs (12.4%) were identified as challenges with face-to-face consultations. …”
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The Impact of Obesity in the UAE: Real-world Physician and Patient Perspectives by Rita Nawar, Rahila Bhatti, Fatih Tangi, Soniya Rai, Tatjana Isailovic, Swarna Khare, Esther Artime, Victoria Higgins, Andrea Leith, Fatheya Al Awadi

“…PwO voluntarily completed questionnaires reporting out-of-pocket costs and patient-reported outcomes: Work Productivity and Activity Impairment Questionnaire (WPAI), Short Form 36 v2 Health Survey (SF-36v2), Jenkins Sleep Evaluation Questionnaire ( JSEQ). …”
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Prediction of microbe-drug associations using a CNN-Bernoulli random forest model by Zihao Song, Qingnuo Li, Jincheng Zhao, Qinggang Bu, Zekang Bian, Jia Qu

“…Since traditional wet-lab experiments are time-consuming and costly, computational models offer an efficient alternative for discovering potential applications of existing drugs against previously untested microbes. …”
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Predicting Readmission Among High-Risk Discharged Patients Using a Machine Learning Model With Nursing Data: Retrospective Study by Eui Geum Oh, Sunyoung Oh, Seunghyeon Cho, Mir Moon

“… Abstract BackgroundUnplanned readmissions increase unnecessary health care costs and reduce the quality of care. It is essential to plan the discharge care from the beginning of hospitalization to reduce the risk of readmission. …”
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Feasibility of milk mid-infrared spectroscopy for large-scale screening of hematic traits in dairy buffaloes by S. Magro, R. Matera, G. Neglia, V. Longobardi, A. Costa, G. Pedota, M. De Marchi

“…However, conducting extensive analyses on a large scale is not feasible due to high costs, labor, the need for invasive procedures, and consequent animals' stress. …”
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Progression to AIDS in South Africa is associated with both reverting and compensatory viral mutations. by Kuan-Hsiang Gary Huang, Dominique Goedhals, Jonathan M Carlson, Mark A Brockman, Swati Mishra, Zabrina L Brumme, Stephen Hickling, Christopher S W Tang, Toshiyuki Miura, Chris Seebregts, David Heckerman, Thumbi Ndung'u, Bruce Walker, Paul Klenerman, Dewald Steyn, Philip Goulder, Rodney Phillips, Bloemfontein-Oxford Collaborative Group, Cloete van Vuuren, John Frater

“…Interventions that maintain viral fitness costs could potentially slow progression.…”
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A Systematic Review of Advanced Imaging Modalities for Bladder Cancer: Comparative Analysis of Strengths and Limitations by Saba Maqsood, Muhammad Omair Siddique, Aftab Ahmed, Saba Akram, Hassan Raza Asghar, Pakeeza Shafiq, Muhammad Arsalan Shah

“…It was found that PET was crucial to detecting distant metastasis despite it being costly. Standardization and integration of these modalities into clinical practice would improve diagnostic precision as well as patient care. …”
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The role of oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the pathogenesis of mastitis in dairy cows by Romana Turk, Matea Koledić, Nino Maćešić, Miroslav Benić, Vesna Dobranić, Dražen Đuričić, Luka Cvetnić, Marko Samardžija

“…These losses are reflected through: reduced milk production, increased costs of medication and the other animal health services, reduced fertility, early culling of animals and the value of discarded milk. …”
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Advancements in Clinical Utilization of Recombinant Human Collagen: An Extensive Review by Isaac Wong Kai Jie, Kar Wai Alvin Lee, Song Eun Yoon, Jong Keun Song, Lisa Kwin Wah Chan, Cheuk Hung Lee, Eunji Jeong, Jin-Hyun Kim, Kyu-Ho Yi

“…However, challenges such as high production costs, regulatory complexities, and long-term biocompatibility remain barriers to widespread clinical adoption. …”
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Effect of Tin Oxide/Black Paint Coating on Absorber Plate Temperature for Improved Solar Still Production: A Controlled Indoor and Outdoor Investigation by Sayfar Rasachak, Rana Sami Ullah Khan, Laveet Kumar, Taiba Zahid, Usman Ghafoor, Jeyraj Selvaraj, Rehena Nasrin, Muhammad Shakeel Ahmad

“…In this regard, solar still is becoming a prominent and promising future technology due to its environment-friendly nature, less maintenance and operational costs, and simple design. The technological challenge regarding solar still is its low distillate yield. …”
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