Cost-of-illness study among patients with diabetes mellitus and coping mechanisms in Northern Ghana by Abdul-Nasir Issah, Andrew Mpagwuni Ziblim, John Azaare, Robert Bagngmen Bio, Abdul-Hanan Saani Inusah, Martin Hushie

“…Participants were selected by systematic random sampling. Direct medical costs (summation of cost of medications, investigations and admissions) and direct non-medical costs (cost of food and water, and transportation during hospital visits) together made up direct costs per patient per year. …”
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Real-world treatment patterns, healthcare resource utilisation and costs in patients with SLE in the USA by Karen Costenbader, Brendan Limone, Nicole Princic, Elaine Karis, Prajakta P Masurkar, Jennifer Reckleff, Hana Schwartz, Eric Zollars

“…SLE-related HCRU and associated costs increased with SOT progression (mean (SD) at baseline vs SOT 3, US$19 489 (US$45 336) vs US$23 201 (US$39 628)).Conclusion SLE treatment regimens with greater adherence and reduced corticosteroid use, HCRU and associated costs are needed.…”
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Construction Cost-Influencing Factors: Insights from a Survey of Engineers in Saudi Arabia by Ibrahim Mosly

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Cost-competitive offshore wind-powered green methanol production for maritime transport decarbonization by Yunfei Du, Xinwei Shen, Daniel M. Kammen, Xiaochi Ding

“…Abstract Stringent emission reduction goals and rising demand for clean maritime fuels have elevated green methanol as a promising low-cost alternative, which is supported by a mature and easily replicable technology. …”
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VIBRATION DIAGNOSTICS AND VIBRATION ALIGNMENT – EFFECTIVE TOOL TO REDUCE THE COST OF REPAIRS AND MAINTENANCE OF EQUIPMENT by Yu. V. Parkhomenko

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The impact of anti-money laundering measures on remittance costs: moderating role of frontier technology by Swapnilsingh Yuwrajsingh Thakur, Prashant Dev Yadav, Yatin Sharad Mankame, Rishi Manrai

“…While prior research has largely examined technology readiness and regulatory frameworks in isolation, their interactive effects on remittance costs remain underexplored. This study investigates how the Frontier Technology Readiness Index (FTRI) moderates the relationship between remittance costs and the Anti-Money Laundering (AML) Index. …”
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Is sustainability a cost, an obligation, or an opportunity? Evidence on sustainable entrepreneurship orientation from Poland by Anna Doś, Francesco Pattarin

“…Findings: We identified two orientations towards sustainability, i.e. as an opportunity, and a cost. Personal values, demographic characteristics, personal experience, and education affect perceptions of sustainability. …”
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Correction: Influenza A virus hemagglutinin glycosylation compensates for antibody escape fitness costs. by Ivan Kosik, William L Ince, Lauren E Gentles, Andrew J Oler, Martina Kosikova, Matthew Angel, Javier G Magadán, Hang Xie, Christopher B Brooke, Jonathan W Yewdell

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The cost-effectiveness of hypertension management in low-income and middle-income countries: a review by Kunihiro Matsushita, Andrew E Moran, Rachel Nugent, Laura K Cobb, Deliana Kostova, Garrison Spencer, Muhammad Jami Husain, Biplab Kumar Datta

“…Although comparability of results was limited due to heterogeneity in the interventions assessed, populations studied, costs and study quality score, most interventions that reported cost per averted disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) were cost-effective, with costs per averted DALY not exceeding national income thresholds. …”
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A cost-effective modular laboratory solution for industrial automation and applied engineering education by Musa Al-Yaman, Dana Alswaiti, Adham Alsharkawi, Majid Al-Taee

“…In today’s digital landscape, affordable Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs) for industrial automation and applied engineering education are essential, as traditional setups are often too costly for many institutions and individuals. In this paper, a cost-effective, modular PLC lab was designed and developed to enable hands-on learning in industrial automation. …”
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Investigation of the Effect of the Homogenization Regime on Energy Costs and Shelf Life of Yogurt with Dogberry Puree by Yuriy B. Gerber, Tatiana V. Kalinovskaya, Alexander V. Gavrilov, Natalia S. Kiyan

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Optimization of extrusion parameters for low-cost alumina–kaolin ceramic membranes via CCD by Mahmoud Moharrami, Mohammadreza Omidkhah, Mohammad Salehi Maleh

“…This study investigates the effectiveness of central composite design (CCD)-based response surface methodology (RSM) in optimizing the extrusion method-based fabrication conditions of low-cost alumina-kaolin ceramic membranes. The RSM approach was validated by optimizing ceramic membrane fabrication based on composition and sintering temperature variations. …”
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The Efficiency of Membrane Curing Method in Hydration Temperature, Compressive Strength, and Curing Cost of Concrete by Hossein Bakhshi, Ali Kooshkaki, Mohammad Hashem Dolatabadi, Zaher Rezaie, Pouyan Fakharian

“…As compared to the watering method, membrane curing reduces the cost of curing all elements of a six-story building by approximately 45%. …”
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Low-cost, environmentally friendly route for producing CFRP laminates with microfibrillated cellulose interphase by B. E. B. Uribe, E. M. S. Chiromito, A. J. F. Carvalho, J. R. Tarpani

“…In this paper, a cost-effective and eco-friendly method to improve mechanical performance in continuous carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) matrix composites is presented. …”
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An efficient model to estimate and optimise the cloud migration costs from on-premises web apps by Vijay Prakash, Ajay Kumar, Mohd Shahid, Lalit Garg, Seema Bawa

“…The primary objective of this algorithm is to minimise the costs associated with migrating on-premise web applications to cloud environments. …”
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Development and Optimization of a Cost-Effective Electrochemical Immunosensor for Rapid COVID-19 Diagnosis by Thaís Machado Lima, Daiane Martins Leal, Zirlane Coelho Ferreira, Fernando de Jesus Souza, Danilo Bretas de Oliveira, Etel Rocha-Vieira, Helen Rodrigues Martins, Arnaldo César Pereira, Lucas Franco Ferreira

“…The sensor provides timely and accurate results with high sensitivity and specificity, offering a cost-effective alternative to the existing diagnostic methods.…”
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Optimization of Distribution Path considering Cost and Customer Satisfaction under New Retail Modes by Dengqing Wang, Yuting Yang, Yanhu Wang

“…One of the top issues in logistics management and related research is to establish an effective distribution system that is adaptive to new retail and capable of lowering the cost of logistics while enhancing consumer satisfaction. …”
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Costing Alternative Birth Settings for Women at Low Risk of Complications: A Systematic Review. by Vanessa Scarf, Christine Catling, Rosalie Viney, Caroline Homer

“…Six studies used a cost-effectiveness analysis and the remaining five studies used cost analysis and cost comparison methods. …”
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Scheduling External Trucks Appointments in Container Terminals to Minimize Cost and Truck Turnaround Times by Ahmed M. Abdelmagid, Mohamed Gheith, Amr Eltawil

“…<i>Methods:</i> A binary programming model was proposed to minimize the waiting time cost, demurrage cost, and container delivery cost. …”
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Research on the Operation Strategy of Rural Logistics Network with Comprehensive Consideration of Cost, Efficiency and Benefit by Panqian DAI, Chenglin LU, Jing XU

“…The high-cost and low-efficiency rural logistics network is a bottleneck that restricts the flow of commodities and economic development between urban and rural areas. …”
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