Atrophic Myenteric and Submucosal Neurons Are Observed in Parkinson’s Disease by Bodil Ohlsson, Elisabet Englund

“…In some cases, the degenerative signs were mild, however, corroborated by findings of α-synuclein deposits in the ganglion cells. The remaining 5 cases showed no signs of degeneration in the H&E staining, but immunostaining revealed minimal α-synuclein deposits in 3 cases. …”
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Neuropathology and Neurochemistry of Nonmotor Symptoms in Parkinson's Disease by Isidro Ferrer

“…Although there is a close relation between motor symptoms and the presence of Lewy bodies (LBs) and neurites filled with abnormal 𝛼-synuclein, other neurological alterations are independent of the amount of 𝛼-synuclein inclusions in neurons and neurites, thereby indicating that different mechanisms probably converge in the degenerative process. …”
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Sirtuin-2 Protects Neural Cells from Oxidative Stress and Is Elevated in Neurodegeneration by Preeti Singh, Peter S. Hanson, Christopher M. Morris

“…SIRT2 reduced the formation of α-synuclein aggregates but showed minimal colocalisation with α-synuclein. …”
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Genetics and Epigenetics of Parkinson's Disease by Fabio Coppedè

“…In 1997 a mutation in the a-synuclein (SNCA) gene was associated with familial autosomal dominant Parkinson’s disease (PD). …”
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7,8-Dihydroxyflavone Protects Nigrostriatal Dopaminergic Neurons from Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Rodents by Shuke Nie, Kai Ma, Mingkuan Sun, Matthew Lee, Yang Tan, Guiqin Chen, Zhentao Zhang, Zhaohui Zhang, Xuebing Cao

“…Western blot analyses were used to examine the expressions of TH, BDNF/TrkB signaling cascades, phospho-α-synuclein (Ser129), α-synuclein, and phospho-tau (Ser396) in SN. …”
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Erectile Dysfunction Preceding Clinically Diagnosed α-Synucleinopathies: A Case-Control Study in Olmsted County by Shemonti Hasan, Michelle M. Mielke, J. Eric Ahlskog, James Bower, Pierpaolo Turcano, Rodolfo Savica

“…Autonomic symptoms are common in α-synuclein disorders: multiple system atrophy (MSA), Parkinson’s disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and Parkinson’s disease with dementia (PDD). …”
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Effects of exercise training on nigrostriatal neuroprotection in Parkinson’s disease: a systematic review by Shahid Ishaq, Iqbal Ali Shah, Shin-Da Lee, Shin-Da Lee, Bor-Tsang Wu

“…Various exercise training regimens, administered 5 days per week for 6.5 weeks, were applied to MPTP, 6-OHDA, and PFF-α-synuclein-induced PD animal models.ResultsExercise training was found to downregulate the inflammatory pathway by attenuating α-synuclein aggregation, inhibiting the TLR/MyD88/IκBα signaling cascade and NF-κB phosphorylation, and decreasing pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and TNF-α while increasing anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β within the nigrostriatum. …”
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Levodopa Responsive Parkinsonism in Patients with Hemochromatosis: Case Presentation and Literature Review by Tarun Girotra, Abhimanyu Mahajan, Christos Sidiropoulos

“…The excess iron promotes Parkin and α-synuclein aggregation in the neurons. Excess iron has also been noted in substantia nigra on MRI especially using susceptibility weighted imaging in patients with Parkinson’s disease. …”
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Are oligodendrocytes bystanders or drivers of Parkinson's disease pathology? by José María Salazar Campos, Lena F Burbulla, Sarah Jäkel

“…This Unsolved Mystery discusses the limited understanding of oligodendrocytes in PD, highlighting unresolved questions regarding functional changes in oligodendroglia, the role of myelin in nigral dopaminergic neurons, the impact of the toxic environment, and the aggregation of alpha-synuclein within oligodendrocytes.…”
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Genetic Rat Models of Parkinson's Disease by Ryan M. Welchko, Xavier T. Lévêque, Gary L. Dunbar

“…Of the genes that have been linked to PD, α-synuclein and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 have been used to develop transgenic rat models of the disease. …”
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Diversity in the Regulation of Autophagy and Mitophagy: Lessons from Parkinson's Disease by Charleen T. Chu

“…In recent years, autophagy dysregulation has been implicated in toxin-injured dopaminergic neurons as well as in major genetic models of Parkinson's disease (PD), including α-synuclein, leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), parkin, PTEN-induced kinase 1 (PINK1), and DJ-1. …”
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Linking Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Parkinson’s Disease by Géraldine Gelders, Veerle Baekelandt, Anke Van der Perren

“…Immune alterations in response to extracellular α-synuclein may play a critical role in modulating Parkinson’s disease progression. …”
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Is Parkinson’s Disease Truly a Prion-Like Disorder? An Appraisal of Current Evidence by Aneesha Chauhan, Alexander F. Jeans

“…Subsequent research has largely served to confirm this interpretation, pointing towards a prion-like intercellular transfer of misfolded α-synuclein, the main component of Lewy bodies, as central to PD. …”
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Enhancing sleep quality in synucleinopathies through physical exercise by Jacopo Canonichesi, Laura Bellingacci, Francesco Rivelli, Alessandro Tozzi

“…Synucleinopathies are neurodegenerative disorders characterized by abnormal build-up of α-synuclein protein aggregates in the brain. This accumulation in different brain regions leads to a spectrum of clinical manifestations, including hypokinesia, cognitive impairment, psychiatric symptoms, and neurovegetative disturbances. …”
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The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis, Nutrition and Parkinson’s Disease by Jevgenija Guk, Rūta Kaladytė Lokominienė, Dalius Jatužis

“…According to Braak’s hypothesis, an unknown pathogen in the gastrointestinal tract may initiate the production of pathogenic α synuclein, which would subsequently spread to the central nervous system. …”
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VMAT2-Deficient Mice Display Nigral and Extranigral Pathology and Motor and Nonmotor Symptoms of Parkinson's Disease by Tonya N. Taylor, W. Michael Caudle, Gary W. Miller

“…Pathologically, the VMAT2-deficient mice display progressive neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra (SNpc), locus coeruleus (LC), and dorsal raphe (DR) coupled with α-synuclein accumulation. Taken together, these studies demonstrate that reduced vesicular storage of monoamines and the resulting disruption of the cytosolic environment may play a role in the pathogenesis of parkinsonian symptoms and neurodegeneration. …”
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Analysis on the Susceptibility Genes in Two Chinese Pedigrees with Familial Parkinson's Disease by Changshui Xu, Jun Xu, Yanmin Zhang, Jianjun Ma, Hideshi Kawakami, Hirofumi Maruyama, Masaki Kamada

“…Fifty-one genomic DNA samples extracted from two Chinese pedigrees with FPD, the alpha-synuclein genes (SNCA), the leucine-rich repeat kinase 2(LRRK2), PINK1(PTEN-induced putative kinase 1), PARK7(Protein DJ1), PARK2(Parkinson juvenile disease protein 2), the glucocerebrosidase (GBA), and ATP(Ezrin-binding protein PACE-1), were sequenced by the use of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. …”
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Role of Copper and Zinc Ions in the Hydrolytic Degradation of Neurodegeneration-Related Peptides by Valentina Pirota, Enrico Monzani, Simone Dell’Acqua, Chiara Bacchella

“…We report a hydrolytic study performed with the HPLC-MS technique at different temperatures (4 °C and 37 °C) on peptide fragments of different neuronal proteins (amyloid-β, tau, and α-synuclein) in physiological conditions in the presence of Cu²⁺ and Zn²⁺ ions, two metal ions found at millimolar concentrations in amyloid plaques. …”
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The Neuroprotective Disease-Modifying Potential of Psychotropics in Parkinson's Disease by Edward C. Lauterbach, Leonardo F. Fontenelle, Antonio L. Teixeira

“…The most promising neuroprotective investigative priorities will involve disease-modifying trials of the safest agents alone or in combination to capture salutary effects on H3 histone deacetylase, gene transcription, glycogen synthase kinase-3, α-synuclein, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), apoptosis, inflammation, and trophic factors including GDNF and BDNF.…”
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Neuroinflammation in Parkinson's Disease and Related Disorders: A Lesson from Genetically Manipulated Mouse Models of α-Synucleinopathies by Kazunari Sekiyama, Shuei Sugama, Masayo Fujita, Akio Sekigawa, Yoshiki Takamatsu, Masaaki Waragai, Takato Takenouchi, Makoto Hashimoto

“…To better understand neuroinflammation in PD, we focused on glial activation in α-synuclein (αS) transgenic and related model mice. In the majority of αS transgenic mice, astrogliosis was observed concomitantly with accumulation of αS during the early stage of neurodegeneration. …”
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