Instance maps as an organising concept for complex experimental workflows as demonstrated for (nano)material safety research by Benjamin Punz, Maja Brajnik, Joh Dokler, Jaleesia D. Amos, Litty Johnson, Katie Reilly, Anastasios G. Papadiamantis, Amaia Green Etxabe, Lee Walker, Diego S. T. Martinez, Steffi Friedrichs, Klaus M. Weltring, Nazende Günday-Türeli, Claus Svendsen, Christine Ogilvie Hendren, Mark R. Wiesner, Martin Himly, Iseult Lynch, Thomas E. Exner

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Impact of diagnosis-related group payment on medical expenditure and treatment efficiency on people with drug-resistant tuberculosis: a quasi-experimental study design by Yingbei Xiong, Yifan Yao, Yuehua Li, Shanquan Chen, Yunfei Li, Kunhe Lin, Li Xiang

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Evaluating an implementation programme for medication review with follow-up in community pharmacy using a hybrid effectiveness study design: translating evidence into practice by Fernando Martínez-Martínez, Shalom I Benrimoj, Victoria Garcia-Cardenas, Raquel Varas-Doval, Miguel A Gastelurrutia, Maria Jose Zarzuelo, Beatriz Perez-Escamilla

“…Objectives To evaluate an implementation programme of a community pharmacy medication review with follow-up (MRF) service using a hybrid effectiveness-implementation study design, and to compare the clinical and humanistic outcomes with those in a previously conducted cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT).Setting Community pharmacies in Spain.Participants 135 community pharmacies and 222 pharmacists providing MRF to polymedicated patients aged 65 or over.Intervention The intervention was an implementation programme for the MRF service. …”
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Comparing and Correlating Outcomes between Open and Percutaneous Access in Endovascular Aneurysm Repair in Aortic Aneurysms Using a Retrospective Cohort Study Design by Peter DeVito, Ali Kimyaghalam, Sameh Shoukry, Robert DeVito, John Williams, Eashaa Kumar, Eugene Vitvitsky

“…Results were demonstrated using a retrospective cohort study design to confirm the hematoma rate associated with EVAR open compared to percutaneous access. …”
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Prevalence of Undernutrition and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in a Public General Hospital, Tigray, Northern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study Design by Ebud Ayele, Guesh Gebreayezgi, Teklewoini Mariye, Degena Bahrey, Gebrekiros Aregawi, Gebregziabher Kidanemariam

“…An institution-based cross-sectional study design was conducted in the Tigray region from August 01 to December 30, 2018. …”
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Inpatient dialectical behavior therapy combined with trauma-focused therapy for PTSD and borderline personality disorder symptoms: study design of the naturalistic trauma therapy study by Annemieke C. Kamstra, Annemieke C. Kamstra, Sybolt O. de Vries, Maarten F. Brilman, Petty Vasilev, Manna A. Alma, Antoinette D. I. van Asselt, Antoinette D. I. van Asselt, Mia De Wolf, Robert A. Schoevers, Frederike Jörg

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Intervening to eliminate the centre-effect variation in home dialysis use: protocol for Inter-CEPt—a sequential mixed-methods study designing an intervention bundle by Sarah Damery, Kerry Allen, Lisa Dikomitis, Harry Hill, David Coyle, Maatla Tshimologo, Mark Lambie, Simon J Davies, Iestyn Williams, James Fotheringham, Louise Phillips-Darby, Ivonne Solis-Trapala

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Exploring rural households’ knowledge and perception of acute kidney injury in the southern region of The Gambia: a mixed-method community-based cross-sectional study design by Bakary Kinteh, Sheikh Omar Sillah, Solomon P S Jatta, Sambou L S Kinteh, Mansour Badjie, Ebrima Touray, Amadou Barrow

“…This situation arose due to the use of contaminated medical products by children in the country.Method We used a mixed-method, cross-sectional study design to assess households’ knowledge and perceptions of AKI in the southern region of The Gambia. …”
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Obstacles and opportunities for care collaboration through the utilisation of a preventive care process for frail older adults: a study protocol for a mixed methods study design by Åsa Larsson Ranada, Elisabet Rothenberg, Helle Wijk, Martina Karin Boström, Pia Skott, Anette Erichsen

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Predictive, preventive and personalized project of vascular cognitive impairment in China (P3): Study design and interim baseline patient characteristics of a Nationwide multicenter prospective registry by Linlin Wang, Jiwei Jiang, Yanli Wang, Gaifen Liu, Wenyi Li, Qiwei Ren, Shirui Jiang, Min Zhao, Huiying Zhang, Tianlin Jiang, Shiyi Yang, Mei Cui, Qiang Dong, Jun Xu

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The contextual awareness, response and evaluation (CARE) diabetes project: study design for a quantitative survey of diabetes prevalence and non-communicable disease risk in Ga Mashie, Accra, Ghana by Swaib Abubaker Lule, Sandra Boatemaa Kushitor, Carlos S. Grijalva-Eternod, Kafui Adjaye-Gbewonyo, Olutobi Adekunle Sanuade, Mawuli Komla Kushitor, Lydia Okoibhole, Raphael Awuah, Leonard Baatiema, Irene Akwo Kretchy, Daniel Arhinful, Ama de-Graft Aikins, Kwadwo Koram, Edward Fottrell, the CARE Diabetes Team

“…This paper presents the study design for the quantitative survey within the CARE project. …”
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HER-SAFE study design: an open-label, randomised controlled trial to investigate the safety of withdrawal of pharmacological treatment for recovered HER2-targeted therapy-related cardiac dysfunction by Robin Chung, James C Moon, Alexander R Lyon, Charlotte H Manisty, Muhummad Sohaib Nazir, Malcolm Walker, Peter Kellman, Benjamin Dowsing, Daniel Chen, Jessica Artico, Mark Westwood, Hakim-Moulay Dehbi, Rebecca Roylance, Tom Crake, Peter Schmid, Arjun Ghosh, Maria Sol Andres, Joanna Pedra, Orla Worn

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Dual Clinical Practice (DCP) policy to improve the retention of human resources for health in Rwanda: a mid-term review using a cross-sectional and retrospective study design by Kizito Kayumba, Corneille Ntihabose, Sabine Musange Furere, Bernard Ngabo, Piero Irakiza, Felix K. Rubuga, Nathalie Umutoni, Ina Rukundo Kalisa, Pascal Birindabagabo, Emile Rwamasirabo, Emmanuel Kayibanda, Patience Mukundirukuri, Gashaija Absolomon, Sumana Dhanani, Jeanine Condo

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Trabeculectomy versus stepwise treatment for breaking the attack of acute primary angle closure in patients with long attack duration: study design and protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial (LAAAC) by Jing Jiang, Qing Zhang, Bo Qu, Chao Dai, Mingguang He, Ye Zhang, Ning-Li Wang, Shuning Li, Guangxian Tang, Su Jie Fan, Zhi Li, Chi Liu, Xinqi Chang, Yanyan Cheng

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Risk of adverse cardiovascular events based on common genetic variants in 8-year follow-up of the LIPIDOGEN2015 population using the polygenic risk score (PRS): study design and methodology by Maciej Banach, Martyna Fronczek, Tadeusz Osadnik, Agnieszka Gach, Dominik Strapagiel, Marcin Słomka, Mateusz Lejawa, Anna Goc, Ewa Boniewska-Bernacka, Anna Pańczyszyn, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, Peter P. Toth, Peter E. Penson, Jacek Jóźwiak

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Risk of aortic aneurysm and dissection following exposure to fluoroquinolones, common antibiotics, and febrile illness using a self-controlled case series study design: Retrospective analyses of three large healthcare databases in the US. by Ajit A Londhe, Chantal E Holy, James Weaver, Sergio Fonseca, Angelina Villasis, Daniel Fife

“…The objective of our study is to evaluate the potential association between FQ, other common antibiotics and febrile illness with risk of AAD using a self-controlled case series (SCCS) study design.<h4>Design</h4>Retrospective database analysis-SCCS.…”
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Effect of Laryngeal Mask Air Way Insertion versus Endotracheal Intubation over Hemodynamic Responses in Pediatrics Patient Who Underwent Ophthalmic Surgery at Menelik II Hospital, Addis Ababa: A Prospective Observational Study Design by Mohammed Suleiman Obsa, Azeb Lencha Sholla, Betelhem Girma Baraki, Getahun Dendir Welde, Temesgen Bati Gelgelu, Melese Meleku Kuruche

“…An institutional-based prospective observational study design was employed. A systematic random sampling technique was used to select study participants. …”
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The Relationship between Natriuretic Peptide Precursor a Gene T2238C Polymorphism and Hypertension: A Meta-Analysis by Wenquan Niu

“…Further meta-regression analysis exclusively indicated the significant influence of study design (P=.042) on heterogeneity. Taken together, these findings support the notion that carriers of 2238C allele were at moderate decreased risk of developing hypertension, whereas study design was identified as a potentially significant source of between-study heterogeneity.…”
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A Comparison of the Morbidities Associated with Different Early Treatments in Tubo-Ovarian Abscess Patients by Sumanta Saha, Sujata Saha

“…Less than three studies of a particular study design reported each of the remaining outcomes. …”
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On the pursuit of reproducibility: the importance of large sample sizes in psychoimmunology by Manivel Rengasamy, Daniel Moriarity, Rebecca Price

“…., number of covariates) and characteristics related to study design (e.g., relationships within subgroups of patients). …”
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