Resistant stomach ulcer at Cushing disease: clinical case by N. V. Novozhilov, Yu. O. Shulpekoa, S. V. Mironov, Ye. K. Baranskaya, A. A. Sheptulin, V. T. Ivashkin

“…During the further investigation: low-dose dexamethasone suppression test, magnetic-resonance tomography (MRI) and computer tomography (CT) of the brain and abdominal cavity data, favoring the Cushing disease (ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma), was obtained. Pathogenesis of chronic stomach ulcer is complex: effect of H.pylori infection, drugs (NSAID, steroids) and hypercorticoidism. …”
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Bone Mineral Density in Postmenopausal Women Heterozygous for the C282Y HFE Mutation by Jenny E. Gunton, Frances Gates, Greg R. Fulcher, Phillip B. Clifton-Bligh

“…With homozygous mutation C282Y, the increase in serum ferritin may be associated with tissue damage in the liver, pancreas, and pituitary and with a reduced bone mineral density. …”
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Inside the impulsive brain: a narrative review on the role of neurobiological, hormonal and genetic factors influencing impulsivity in psychiatric disorders by Hannah Raji, Susha Dinesh, Sameer Sharma

“…Hormones, such as leptin and ghrelin, in conjunction with the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, play pivotal roles in conditions like major depressive disorder. …”
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Relationship between Thyroid Hormone Levels and Crime Type: A Controlled Study in Prisoners by Hasan Acar, Ayse Ulgen

“…This indicates changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis that cause long-term changes in aggressive behaviour, especially in criminals. …”
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The role of KNDy neurons in human reproductive health by Aki Oride, Haruhiko Kanasaki

“…Since then, studies in mice and other animals have revealed that kisspeptin is located at the apex of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and regulates reproductive functions by modulating gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). …”
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Three-Dimensional Organoid System Transplantation Technologies in Future Treatment of Central Nervous System Diseases by NaiLi Wei, ZiFang Quan, Hailiang Tang, JianHong Zhu

“…In recent years, scientists have made great achievements in understanding the development of human brain and elucidating critical elements of stepwise spatiotemporal control strategies in neural stem cell specification lineage, which facilitates successful induction of neural organoid in vitro including the cerebral cortex, cerebellar, neural tube, hippocampus cortex, pituitary, and optic cup. Besides, emerging researches on neural organogenesis promote the application of 3D organoid system transplantation in treating central nervous system (CNS) diseases. …”
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Clinical Characteristics and Treatment Outcomes in Endogenous Cushing’s Syndrome: A 15-Year Experience from Thailand by Wasita Warachit Parksook, Nitchakarn Laichuthai, Sarat Sunthornyothin

“…An initial remission rate after transsphenoidal surgeries in CD was 62%, with higher rates in pituitary microadenomas compared to macroadenomas. …”
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Sex differences in the murine HPA axis after acute and repeated restraint stress by Isabella Flor Nalepa, Vibeke Nielsen, Tanja Esther Wolf, Chadi Touma, Morten Grupe, Ayodeji A. Asuni, Cecilia Ratner

“…Aberrant activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been linked to the development of MDD and several animal models of MDD have been established based on HPA axis dysregulation. …”
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Psychological Stress and the Cutaneous Immune Response: Roles of the HPA Axis and the Sympathetic Nervous System in Atopic Dermatitis and Psoriasis by Jessica M. F. Hall, desAnges Cruser, Alan Podawiltz, Diana I. Mummert, Harlan Jones, Mark E. Mummert

“…Stress signals activate the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system. …”
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Evaluation of Serum Ferritin Levels in Patients of Hypothyroidism by Vartika Saini, Sunny Chopra, Jaspinder Kaur, Maninder Kaur

“…The production and release of these hormones are regulated by the thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary gland. Iron is an essential element for the normal functioning of the thyroid gland. …”
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Variability of anti-Müllerian hormone and folliculotropic hormone levels in women of reproductive age in relation to normal or impaired ovarian function by Małgorzata Jusiakowska-Piputa, Maria Kaczmarek

“…FSH is a standard marker of the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis. We examined the reproductive status of 390 women aged 23–46 years in three groups. …”
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Development of a Novel Algorithm to Identify People with High Likelihood of Adult Growth Hormone Deficiency in a US Healthcare Claims Database by Kevin C. J. Yuen, Anna Camilla Birkegard, Lewis S. Blevins, David R. Clemmons, Andrew R. Hoffman, Nicky Kelepouris, Janice M. Kerr, Jens M. Tarp, Maria Fleseriu

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Role of Ketamine in the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders by Sahar Derakhshanian, Maxine Zhou, Alexander Rath, Rachel Barlow, Sarah Bertrand, Caroline DeGraw, Christopher Lee, Jamal Hasoon, Alan D. Kaye

“…Additional evidence suggests dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary (HPA) axis, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), vitamin D levels, and involvement of pro-inflammatory markers. …”
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A Challenging Case of an Ectopic Cushing Syndrome by Joana Menezes Nunes, Elika Pinho, Isabel Camões, João Maciel, Pedro Cabral Bastos, Conceição Souto de Moura, Paulo Bettencourt

“…Blood hormone analysis showed increased levels of ACTH and urinary free cortisol and nonsuppressibility to high- and low-dose dexamethasone tests. Pituitary MRI showed no lesion and no central-to-peripheral ACTH gradient was present in bilateral inferior petrosal sinus sampling. …”
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Association of the Effect of Alcohol Consumption on Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH), and Testosterone Hormones in Men: A Systematic Review and Meta-Ana... by Mahmood Moosazadeh, Keyvan Heydari, Kimia Rasouli, Soroush Azari, Mahdi Afshari, Saeed Barzegari, Roja Nikaeen, Maryam Kardan-Souraki, Soghra Khani, Farzaneh Motafeghi, Aref Hoseini

“…Conclusions: It is suggested that future research includes comprehensive studies to investigate the changes in the hypothalamus-pituitary-testis axis induced by alcohol consumption.…”
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Beta-Thalassemia Major and Female Fertility: The Role of Iron and Iron-Induced Oxidative Stress by Paraskevi Roussou, Nikolaos J. Tsagarakis, Dimitrios Kountouras, Sarantis Livadas, Evanthia Diamanti-Kandarakis

“…Infertility in these women seems to be attributed to iron deposition and iron-induced oxidative stress (OS) in various endocrine organs, such as hypothalamus, pituitary, and female reproductive system, but also through the iron effect on other organs, such as liver and pancreas, contributing to the impaired metabolism of hormones and serum antioxidants. …”
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Finding the Culprit: Cushing Syndrome Secondary to Lung Carcinoid Tumor by Richard Vaca, MD, Nirali A. Shah, MD

“…Magnetic resonance imaging of the pituitary gland did not reveal any adenoma and inferior petrosal sinus sampling showed no central-to-peripheral gradient. …”
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A Case of Severe Cushing Syndrome due to Metastatic Adrenocortical Carcinoma Treated With Osilodrostat by Kathleen R. Ruddiman, DO, Catherine E. Price, MD, ECNU, FACE, Alexander K. Bonnecaze, MD

“…Conclusion: Although osilodrostat is currently only approved for use in pituitary Cushing disease, we found it effective in off-label use to treat Cushing syndrome due to ACC. …”
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Arrested Puberty in an Adolescent Male with Anorexia Nervosa Successfully Resumed with Multidisciplinary Care by Diana Simão Raimundo, Carolina Figueiredo, Ana Raposo, Bernardo Dias Pereira

“…The recognition of this rare condition in males allows a personalized approach to disordered puberty, with resumption of normal function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and achievement of pubertal milestones.…”
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A Systematic Literature Review and Indirect Treatment Comparison of Efficacy of Repository Corticotropin Injection versus Synthetic Adrenocorticotropic Hormone for Infantile Spasms by Michael S. Duchowny, Ishveen Chopra, John Niewoehner, George J. Wan, Beth Devine

“…RCI is a naturally-sourced complex mixture of purified ACTH analogs and other pituitary peptides approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration as a monotherapy for the treatment of infantile spasms. …”
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