Giant Prolactinoma of Young Onset: A Clue to Diagnosis of MEN-1 Syndrome by Chandrika Jayakanthi Subasinghe, Noel Somasundaram, Pathmanathan Sivatharshya, Lalana Devi Ranasinghe, Márta Korbonits

“…High clinical suspicion upon unusual clinical presentation prompted genetic evaluation in these patients and detection of MEN1 gene mutation. Pituitary adenomas in children with MEN-1 syndrome are larger tumours with higher rates of treatment resistance. …”
Get full text

Inhibins Tune the Thymocyte Selection Process by Regulating Thymic Stromal Cell Differentiation by Ebzadrel Carbajal-Franco, Marisol de la Fuente-Granada, Germán R. Alemán-Muench, Eduardo A. García-Zepeda, Gloria Soldevila

“…These ligands were initially identified as hormones that regulate the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis; however, increasing evidence has demonstrated that they are key regulators in the immune system. …”
Get full text

The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Abnormal Uterine Bleeding According to the PALM-COEIN Classification by Onur Bektas, Kivilcim Bektas, Sirin Aydin, Gulsen Dogan Durdag, Husnu Celik

“…These include direct inflammation of the ovarian and endometrial tissues, potential defects in endometrial repair mechanisms secondary to inflammation, changes in the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian axis, immunological effects of vaccination, systemic inflammatory responses affecting the ovary and endometrium, changes in inflammatory and immune mediators, and immune cell activation. …”
Get full text

Effect of VPAC1 Blockade on Adipose Tissue Formation and Composition in Mouse Models of Nutritionally Induced Obesity by H. Roger Lijnen, Kathleen Freson, Marc F. Hoylaerts

“…Background. The pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) may affect adipogenesis and adipose tissue formation through interaction with its G-protein-coupled receptor VPAC1. …”
Get full text

Regulation of Stress-Induced Immunosuppression in the Context of Neuroendocrine, Cytokine, and Cellular Processes by Evgenii Balakin, Ksenia Yurku, Mark Ivanov, Alexander Izotov, Valeriya Nakhod, Vasiliy Pustovoyt

“…A significant portion of the data confirms that the activation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis and subsequent elevation of cortisol levels exert substantial immunosuppressive effects on immune cells, particularly macrophages and lymphocytes, leading to the suppression of innate and adaptive immune responses. …”
Get full text

Hormonal Modulation in Aging Patients with Erectile Dysfunction and Metabolic Syndrome by Inês Campos Costa, Hugo Nogueira Carvalho, Luís Pacheco-Figueiredo, Inês Tomada, Nuno Tomada

“…Regarding the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, patients with hypogonadism did not exhibit raised LH levels. …”
Get full text

Forskolin Stimulates Estrogen Receptor (ER) α Transcriptional Activity and Protects ER from Degradation by Distinct Mechanisms by Houng-Wei Tsai, Vicky Y. Lin, Margaret A. Shupnik

“…In ER-positive GH3 cells (a rat pituitary prolactinoma cell line), forskolin, acting via protein kinase A (PKA), stimulates ERα transcriptional activity without causing degradation, and proteasome inhibition does not block forskolin-stimulated transcription. …”
Get full text

Ensemble Deep Learning Technique for Detecting MRI Brain Tumor by Rasool Fakhir Jader, Shahab Wahhab Kareem, Hoshang Qasim Awla

“…The classification process of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) is frequently used for making medical diagnoses for conditions including pituitary, glioma, meningioma, and no tumor. For this reason, determining the type of MRI and its quantity are significant and valuable measurements that reveal the brain’s state of health. …”
Get full text

Displasia septo-óptica: um relato de caso sobre síndrome de Morsier by Marina Bonagurio Julio, Brenna Marques Amorim Tenorio, Helen Vinco Secchin, Juliana Brizzante Ferreira, Marina Dall'Ara de Souza

“…Other findings were hormonal abnormalities of the pituitary glands and, therefore, two of the diagnostic criteria for Morsier Syndrome. …”
Get full text

Nanoparticles in Hormonal Regulation of the Female Reproductive System by Vandhana Vijayakumar, Thirumalaikumaran Rathinam, Sakthi Sanjana Deenadhayalan, Elizabeth Rani Edwin, Preethi Harikrishnan, Prathiba Balaji

“…The impact of NPs on the female reproductive system highlights their potential to disrupt hormone signaling pathways and the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, which are crucial for reproductive health. …”
Get full text

The Effect of Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation on the Activity of the Somatotropic Axis in Sheep by Maciej Wójcik, Dorota Anna Zieba, Joanna Bochenek, Agata Krawczyńska, Marcin Barszcz, Alina Gajewska, Hanna Antushevich, Andrzej Przemysław Herman

“…The hypothalamic-pituitary-somatotropic (HPS) axis controls many physiological and pathophysiological processes. …”
Get full text

Thyroid hormones and neurological impairments during the first two days after stroke: A pilot study by Kobra Akhoundzadeh, Ashraf Zarvani, Fatemeh Mohajerani, Sakineh Shafia

“…According to the results, stroke affects the levels of thyroid hormones and the pituitary–thyroid axis. Because of the diversity in results of existing studies, further clinical research with the same methodology and data analysis is needed to find consistent results on the association between thyroid hormones and neurological impairments. …”
Get full text

Association, Haplotype, and Gene-Gene Interactions of the HPA Axis Genes with Suicidal Behaviour in Affective Disorders by Anna Leszczyńska-Rodziewicz, Aleksandra Szczepankiewicz, Joanna Pawlak, Monika Dmitrzak-Weglarz, Joanna Hauser

“…The biological response to stress involves the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA). Therefore, we found it interesting to study polymorphisms of genes involved in the HPA axis (CRHR1, NR3C1, and AVPBR1). …”
Get full text

The Physiological Role of GABA in Fine-Tuning Control of Blood Glucose and Diabetes Treatment by Mohsen Davari, Shahla Sohrabipour, Atefeh Golkari

“…These substances encompass insulin-like growth factors, macrophage migration inhibitory factors, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide, preptin, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). …”
Get full text

Effect of single ethanol administration on behavior and the consumption and preference of ethanol in tame and aggressive rats by R. V. Kozhemyakina, S. G. Shikhevich, A. Cagan, R. G. Gulevich

“…Model strains of Norway rats selected for tame and aggressive attitude to humans are some of the models for investigation of relationships among anxiety, the function of the hypothalamus – pituitary – adrenal (HPA) axis, and predisposition to alcohol addiction. …”
Get full text

Decreased Interleukin-4 Release from the Neurons of the Locus Coeruleus in Response to Immobilization Stress by Hyun-ju Lee, Hyun-Jung Park, Angela Starkweather, Kyungeh An, Insop Shim

“…Glucocorticoid receptor (GR), TH, and IL-4-expressing cells were localized in identical neurons of the LC, indicating that hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal- (HPA-) axis and sympathetic-adrenal-medullary- (SAM-) axis might be involved in IL-4 secretion in the stress response. …”
Get full text

Recent advances in genetics of aggressive behavior by J. D. Davydova, S. S. Litvinov, R. F. Enikeeva, S. B.  Malykh, E. K. Khusnutdinova

“…In addition, there is evidence that the hypothalamic-pituitary system genes (OXT, OXTR, AVPR1A, AVPR1B), the sex hormone receptors genes (ER1, AR), neurotrophin (BDNF) and neuronal apoptosis genes (CASP3, BAX) may also be involved in development of aggressive behavior. …”
Get full text

Intrathyroidal Clear Cell Tumor of Parathyroid Origin with Review of Literature by Daniela Pirela, Daniela Treitl, Siba El Hussein, Robert Poppiti, Thomas Mesko, Alex Manzano

Get full text

Optic Neuritis Caused by Rathke’s Cleft Cyst in Young Adult by Namie Kobayashi, Toshiyuki Oshitari, Kentaro Kobayashi, Takatsugu Onoda, Hidetoshi Ikeda, Emiko Adachi-Usami

Get full text

The role of the corticotropin-releasing hormone and its receptors in the regulation of stress response by E. V. Sukhareva

“…The activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) by neurons of the paraventricular hypothalamic nucleus (PVN), the primary site of synthesis CRH, triggers stress reactions. …”
Get full text