Persistent CSF Rhinorrhoea, Pneumocephalus, and Recurrent Meningitis Following Misdiagnosis of Olfactory Neuroblastoma by Neil Barua, David A. Hilton, William Mukonoweshuro, Hisham Khalil, Louis Pobereskin

“…Imaging revealed an extensive skull base lesion involving the sphenoid and ethmoid sinuses, the pituitary fossa with suprasellar extension and bony destruction. …”
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Artifactual Hypoglycaemia in Systemic Sclerosis and Raynaud’s Phenomenon: A Clinical Case Report and Short Review by RH Bishay, A. Suryawanshi

“…Clinically, she did not satisfy Whipple’s triad and radiological investigations failed to identify pituitary or pancreatic pathology. A 72-hour fast was negative for hyperinsulinaemia or exogenous insulin use and her sulphonylurea metabolite urinary screen was negative. …”
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Macroprolactinemia: Diagnostic, Clinical, and Pathogenic Significance by Akira Shimatsu, Naoki Hattori

“…When rats are immunized with rat pituitary PRL, anti-PRL autoantibodies are produced and hyperprolactinemia develops, mimicking macroprolactinemia in humans. …”
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A Comprehensive Review of Zavegepant as Abortive Treatment for Migraine by Nazir Noor, Alexis Angelette, Abby Lawson, Anjana Patel, Ivan Urits, Omar Viswanath, Cyrus Yazdi, Alan D. Kaye

“…These trigeminal afferents express certain biomarkers such as calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), substance P, neurokinin A, and pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide that are important to the pain and sensory aspect of migraines. …”
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Unraveling the Relationship between Oral Habits and Anxiety: A Narrative Review by Ramya V. Jathanna, Ritesh Bangera, Mithun K. Naik, Vinod R. Jathanna, Sharanya Adhikari, Shivangi Vats

“…Common underlying mechanisms include dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, alterations in neurotransmitter systems, and psychosocial factors. …”
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Activities of Amphioxus GH-Like Protein in Osmoregulation: Insight into Origin of Vertebrate GH Family by Mengyang Li, Chengyan Jiang, Yu Zhang, Shicui Zhang

“…We also proposed a new model depicting the origin of pituitary hormone family in vertebrates.…”
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Spontaneous Involution of a Presumably Rathke’s Cleft Cyst in a Patient with Slight Subclinical Hypopituitarism: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Diaa Al Safatli, Rolf Kalff, Albrecht Waschke

“…The MRI study showed a complete regression of the cystic lesion and a normal sized and shaped pituitary gland. The spontaneous regression of cystic sellar lesions is rare. …”
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Changes in cortisol secretion and the role of the glucocorticoid receptor in the development of the immune response in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection by Malvina Todorova, Katya Todorova

“…Based on a thorough review of the current literature, it is suggested that the virus could potentially directly damage the hypothalamus, leading to a disruption in the regulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. The decrease in cortisol secretion is a secondary effect. …”
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Use of functional magnetic resonance imaging in patients with irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia by Katarzyna Skrobisz, Grażyna Piotrowicz, Adrianna Drozdowska, Karolina Markiet, Agnieszka Sabisz, Patrycja Naumczyk, Grażyna Rydzewska, Edyta Szurowska

“…The BGA includes neuronal pathways (autonomic nervous system), neuroendocrine (hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis), and neuroimmunological ones. …”
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Gigantomastia and Macroprolactinemia Responding to Cabergoline Treatment: A Case Report and Minireview of the Literature by Fatma Dilek Dellal, Didem Ozdemir, Cevdet Aydin, Gulfem Kaya, Reyhan Ersoy, Bekir Cakir

“…In laboratory examination, she had hyperprolactinemia and macroprolactinemia. Pituitary imaging revealed 6 mm microadenoma in right side of the hypophysis. …”
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A Case of Apoplexy of Rathke’s Cleft Cyst Followed by Cerebral Infarction by Yu-ichiro Ohnishi, Yasunori Fujimoto, Koichi Iwatsuki, Toshiki Yoshimine

“…The change of the density in the suprasellar region on CT suggested the pituitary apoplexy. CT also showed a low density area in the territory of the right middle cerebral artery, which indicated the cerebral infarction. …”
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Severe Psychotic Disorder as the Main Manifestation of Adrenal Insufficiency by Julia de Lima Farah, Carolina Villar Lauand, Lucas Chequi, Enrico Fortunato, Felipe Pasqualino, Luis Henrique Bignotto, Rafael Loch Batista, Ivan Aprahamian

“…Brain magnetic resonance imaging showed no significant changes, including the pituitary gland. The patient was initially treated with intravenous corticosteroids, resulting in rapid remission of the psychotic symptoms. …”
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Mini Review: Anticholinergic Activity as a Behavioral Pathology of Lewy Body Disease and Proposal of the Concept of “Anticholinergic Spectrum Disorders” by Koji Hori, Kimiko Konishi, Misa Hosoi, Hiroi Tomioka, Masayuki Tani, Yuka Kitajima, Mitsugu Hachisu

“…Moreover, based on a case report of a patient with mild AD and slightly deteriorated ACh, we also speculate that AA can appear endogenously in Lewy body disease due to the dual action of the downregulation of ACh and hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Based on these hypotheses, we consider AA to be a behavioral pathology of Lewy body disease. …”
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Rapid optical determination of salivary cortisol responses in individuals undergoing physiological and psychological stress by Tashfia Ahmed, Michael B. Powner, Meha Qassem, Panayiotis A. Kyriacou

“…Notably, cortisol is the main stress hormone and a key logical indicator of hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis activity that governs the activation of the human stress system. …”
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Immune Aspects and Myometrial Actions of Progesterone and CRH in Labor by Nikolaos Vrachnis, Fotodotis M. Malamas, Stavros Sifakis, Panayiotis Tsikouras, Zoe Iliodromiti

“…Placental CRH acts on the fetal pituitary-adrenal axis to stimulate adrenal production of androgens and cortisol and also acts directly on myometrial cells via its receptors. …”
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Combined Dexamethasone Suppression-Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulation Test in Studies of Depression, Alcoholism, and Suicidal Behavior by Leo Sher

“…The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis controls the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), corticotropin (adrenocorticotropic hormone, ACTH), and cortisol. …”
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Psychobiotic effects of probiotics and prebiotics by V. T. Ivashkin, K. V. Ivashkin

“…Intestinal microbiome is a factor of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis formation that is involved in regulation of immunomodulation, lipid metabolism, energy balance and electrophysiologic activity of enteric nervous system. …”
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Bioinformatic Analysis of PTTG Family and Prognosis and Immune Cell Infiltration in Gastric Cancer by Xiao Li, Yanghao Tai, Shuying Liu, Yating Gao, Kaining Zhang, Jierong Yin, Huijuan Zhang, Xia Wang, Xiaofei Li, Dongfeng Zhang

“…Adaptive cell therapy, cancer vaccines, gene therapy, and monoclonal antibody therapy have all been used in gastric cancer with some initial success. PTTGs (pituitary tumor-transforming genes) have been proven to be closely related to the prognosis of many malignant tumors. …”
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Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Type 1 with Concomitant Existence of Malignant Insulinoma: A Rare Finding by Randhir Sagar Yadav, Ashik Pokharel, Deepshikha Gaire, Shumneva Shrestha, Ashbita Pokharel, Sumita Pradhan, Prasan Bir Singh Kansakar

“…Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare syndrome of autosomal dominant inheritance defined by co-occurrence of two or more tumors originating from the parathyroid gland, pancreatic islet cells, and/or anterior pituitary. Insulinoma which has an incidence of 0.4% is a rare pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor. …”
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Challenges in diagnosis and treatment of cushing disease in a 12-year-old boy. Case report by Agim Gjikopulli, Sonila Tomori, Marjeta Tanka, Donjeta Bali

“… Cushing’s Disease (CD), defined as hypercortisolism caused by excess Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH) secretion by a pituitary corticotroph adenoma, rarely presents in the pediatric age range. …”
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