Bacillary Angiomatosis in an HIV-positive Man with Multiple Risk Factors: A Clinical and Epidemiological Puzzle by Farrah J Mateen, Jill C Newstead, Karen L McClean

“…Speciation by 16s ribosomal RNA analysis confirmed B quintana as the pathogen. Because the patient presented with skin lesions, the diagnosis was straightforward; however, skin lesions are nondiagnostic in some cases. …”
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Deubiquitinases: Novel Therapeutic Targets in Immune Surveillance? by Gloria Lopez-Castejon, Mariola J. Edelmann

“…It occurs when the immune system recognizes Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) or Damage-Associated Molecular Pattern (DAMPs) through the activation of Pattern Recognition Receptors. …”
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Viruses Seen by Our Cells: The Role of Viral RNA Sensors by Elias A. Said, Nicolas Tremblay, Mohammed S. Al-Balushi, Ali A. Al-Jabri, Daniel Lamarre

“…These receptors have the capacity to sense the presence of viral nucleic acids as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). This recognition leads to the induction of type 1 interferons (IFNs) as well as inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. …”
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The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation by Monica Molteni, Sabrina Gemma, Carlo Rossetti

“…They are highly conserved receptors that recognize conserved pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), thus representing the first line of defense against infections. …”
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Pattern Recognition via the Toll-Like Receptor System in the Human Female Genital Tract by Kaei Nasu, Hisashi Narahara

“…Rapid innate immune defenses against microbial infection usually involve the recognition of invading pathogens by specific pattern-recognition receptors recently attributed to the family of Toll-like receptors (TLRs). …”
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Cepacia Syndrome in a Non-Cystic Fibrosis Patient by Naomi Hauser, Jose Orsini

“…The potential for this pathogen to infect non-cystic fibrosis patients is limited and its epidemiology is poorly understood. …”
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Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis Complicated by Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome in Child with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia by Olga Zając-Spychała, Bogna Ukielska, Katarzyna Jończyk-Potoczna, Benigna Konatkowska, Jacek Wachowiak

“…The diagnosis of IRIS is even more difficult in patients with hematological malignancies complicated by “probable” invasive fungal infection, when fungal pathogen is still uncertain. We report a case of probable hepatic candidiasis in 4-year-old boy with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. …”
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The Impact of Transcriptomics on the Fight against Tuberculosis: Focus on Biomarkers, BCG Vaccination, and Immunotherapy by Carlos Rodrigo Zárate-Bladés, Celio Lopes Silva, Geraldo A. Passos

“…Although there has been more than 125 years of scientific effort aimed at understanding the disease, serious problems in TB persist that contribute to the estimated 1/3 of the world population infected with this pathogen. Nonetheless, during the first decade of the 21st century, there were new advances in the fight against TB. …”
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Seroprevalence of HCMV among Pregnant Women and Its relation to CD4 and CRP by Staar Mohammed Qader

“…The HCMV is a widespread viral pathogen characterized by strict host specificity and is limited to humans. …”
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Defective production of interferon-γ and tumour necrosis factor-α by AIDS mononuclear cells after in vitro exposure to Rhodococcus equi by S. Delia, C. M. Mastroianni, M. Lichtner, F. Mengoni, S. Moretti, V. Vullo

“…In such patients, however, the infection with R. equi, a facultative intracellular pathogen which survives and replicates within macrophages, may be responsible for the impairment in the TNF-α release, possibly enhancing the HIV-induced macrophage dysftmction.…”
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Neonatal epididymo-orchitis caused by Salmonella: A case of successful non-surgical management by Avaneesh Kunta, Samantha Gibson, Abhishek Seth, Kenneth A. Alexander, Adriana Cadilla, Pamela Ellsworth

“…Neonatal epididymo-orchitis (EO) is a rare condition, particularly when caused by Salmonella, a pathogen typically associated with gastroenteritis. …”
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Fundamentals and Methods for T- and B-Cell Epitope Prediction by Jose L. Sanchez-Trincado, Marta Gomez-Perosanz, Pedro A. Reche

“…Adaptive immunity is mediated by T- and B-cells, which are immune cells capable of developing pathogen-specific memory that confers immunological protection. …”
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Transmission Electron Microscopy Studies of Cellular Responses to Entry of Virions: One Kind of Natural Nanobiomaterial by Zheng Liu, Shuyu Liu, Jinming Cui, Yurong Tan, Jian He, Jingqiang Zhang

“…Virions are one kind of nanoscale pathogen and are able to infect living cells of animals, plants, and bacteria. …”
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Long-Term Provision of Acidified Drinking Water Fails to Influence Autoimmune Diabetes and Encephalomyelitis by Sundararajan Jayaraman, Arathi Jayaraman

“…Since consumption of acidified drinking water leads to eradication of gastrointestinal pathogens in animals, we tested whether it may also influence the development of autoimmune diseases. …”
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Preventing Foodborne Illness: E. coli O157:H7 by Keith R. Schneider, Renée Goodrich Schneider, Ploy Kurdmongkoltham, Bruna Bertoldi

“… This seven-page fact sheet discusses the common foodborne pathogen E. coli O157:H7, especially as it concerns food handlers, processors and retailers. …”
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Defensive Driving: Directing HIV-1 Vaccine-Induced Humoral Immunity to the Mucosa with Chemokine Adjuvants by Ebony N. Gary, Michele A. Kutzler

“…A myriad of pathogens gain access to the host via the mucosal route; thus, vaccinations that protect against mucosal pathogens are critical. …”
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Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori-Related Gastroduodenal Diseases from Molecular Epidemiological Studies by Yoshio Yamaoka

“…Helicobacter pylori is a major human pathogen that infects the stomach and produces inflammation that is responsible for various gastroduodenal diseases. …”
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Clinical Course of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Pediatric Patients by Segundo Moisés San Lucas Coque, Sareli Anahi Aguilar Armendariz, Juan Diego Galarza López

“…Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogen that has been noted over the years due to the increasing number of cases in pediatric patients, with community infectious origin. …”
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Polymicrobial Bacteremia Involving Comamonas testosteroni by Jose Orsini, Eric Tam, Naomi Hauser, Salil Rajayer

“…The aim of this case report is to alert clinicians to the potential diagnosis of bloodstream infections caused by uncommon pathogens.…”
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Kennel Disinfectants for Microsporum canis and Trichophyton sp. by Karen A. Moriello

“…Control plates grew >300 colonies of each pathogen per plate. Enilconazole, sodium hypochlorite (all dilutions), accelerated hydrogen peroxide, and 2% potassium peroxymonosulfate (but not 1%) inhibited all growth of both pathogens at 1 : 10, 1 : 5, and 1 : 1 dilutions. …”
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