The endocannabinoid system and ophthalmic pathologies: a review of molecular mechanisms and its implications for clinical practice by Tomasz Charytoniuk, Stanisław Półjanowski, Mateusz Michalak, Karolina Kaźmierczak, Bartłomiej Kałużny

“…It is known that this widespread cell-signaling system is involved in retinal neurobiological processes, including visual signal processing, as well as neurotransmission. Furthermore, various research indicated the involvement of ECS in the molecular basis of various pathologies, mostly glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). …”
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INTERMOLECULAR INTERACTIONS IN NEURONAL FUNCTIONAL SYSTEMS by A. L. Proskura, I. A. Malachin, T. A. Zapara, I. I. Turnaev, V. V. Suslov, A. S. Ratuschnyak

“…The model represents activity-dependent changes of the synaptic transmission efficiency, integration of excitation in the local dendritic network of a neuron, and prolonged maintenance of the new level of neurotransmission.…”
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The Neuropathology of Autism by Gene J. Blatt

“…Abnormalities include cytoarchitectonic laminar differences, excess white matter neurons, decreased numbers of GABAergic cerebellar Purkinje cells, and other events that can be traced developmentally and cause anomalies in circuitry. Problems with neurotransmission are evident by recent receptor and binding site studies especially in the inhibitory GABA system likely contributing to an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory transmission. …”
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Male Sexual Dysfunction by Danyon Anderson, John Laforge, Maggie M. Ross, Robert Vanlangendonck, Jamal Hasoon, Omar Viswanath, Alan D. Kaye, Ivan Urits

“…Risk factors for male sexual dysfunction include age, diabetes mellitus (DM), cancer, stroke, hypertension, penile trauma, depression, anxiety, and disturbance in central serotonin neurotransmission and 5-HT postsynaptic receptor functioning. …”
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Structure of transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory protein subunit γ2 by W. Dylan Hale, Alejandra Montaño Romero, Nicholas Koylass, Collin R. Warrick, Zhaozhu Qiu, Richard L. Huganir, Edward C. Twomey

“…Abstract Transmembrane AMPA receptor regulatory proteins (TARPs) are claudin-like proteins that tightly regulate AMPA receptors (AMPARs) and are fundamental for excitatory neurotransmission. With cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) we reconstruct the 36 kDa TARP subunit γ2 to 2.3 Å, which points to structural diversity among TARPs. …”
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Assortment of GABAergic Plasticity in the Cortical Interneuron Melting Pot by Pablo Méndez, Alberto Bacci

“…Cortical structures of the adult mammalian brain are characterized by a spectacular diversity of inhibitory interneurons, which use GABA as neurotransmitter. GABAergic neurotransmission is fundamental for integrating and filtering incoming information and dictating postsynaptic neuronal spike timing, therefore providing a tight temporal code used by each neuron, or ensemble of neurons, to perform sophisticated computational operations. …”
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Insulin in Central Nervous System: More than Just a Peripheral Hormone by Ana I. Duarte, Paula I. Moreira, Catarina R. Oliveira

“…In fact, brain insulin has been shown to regulate both peripheral and central glucose metabolism, neurotransmission, learning, and memory and to be neuroprotective. …”
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Mechanism and Therapeutic Prospect of miRNAs in Neurodegenerative Diseases by Ya-Min Ma, Lan Zhao

“…It mediates the information exchange between different cellular pathways in cellular homeostasis and stress response and regulates the differentiation, plasticity, and neurotransmission of neurons. In neurodegenerative diseases, in addition to the complex interactions between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors, miRNAs can serve as a promising diagnostic tool for diseases. …”
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Delirium and High Creatine Kinase and Myoglobin Levels Related to Synthetic Cannabinoid Withdrawal by Ahmet Bulent Yazici, Esra Yazici, Atila Erol

“…Several studies reported that agonists of CB1 receptors play a role in GABA and glutamatergic neurotransmission, which is similar to the effects of alcohol on GABA and glutamatergic receptors. …”
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Linking Mitochondria to Synapses: New Insights for Stress-Related Neuropsychiatric Disorders by Freddy Jeanneteau, Margarita Arango-Lievano

“…Low dose enhances neurotransmission, synaptic growth, mitochondrial functions, learning, and memory whereas chronic, higher doses produce inhibition of these functions. …”
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The Role of Glial Cells in the Pathophysiology of Epilepsy by Filiz Onat, My Andersson, Nihan Çarçak

“…Microglia, the innate immune cells of the CNS, contribute to neuroinflammation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and the balance between excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmission, underscoring their dual role in seizure promotion and protection. …”
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The immunological perspective of major depressive disorder: unveiling the interactions between central and peripheral immune mechanisms by Wenli Jiao, Jiayi Lin, Yanfang Deng, Yelin Ji, Chuoyi Liang, Sijia Wei, Xi Jing, Fengxia Yan

“…Within the central nervous system, aberrant microglial and astrocytes activation, cytokine imbalances, and compromised blood-brain barrier integrity propagate neuroinflammation, disrupting neurotransmission, impairing neuroplasticity, and promoting neuronal injury. …”
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Brivaracetam to Treat Partial Onset Seizures in Adults by Dustin Latimer, David Le, Evan Falgoust, Patrick Ingraffia, Alaa Abd-Elsayed, Elyse M. Cornett, Rupin Singh, JooHee Choi, Giustino Varrassi, Adam M. Kaye, Alan D. Kaye, Latha Ganti

“…# Purpose of Review Seizures are a hyperexcitable, and hypersynchronous imbalance between excitatory and inhibitory factors (E/I imbalance) in neurotransmission, and epilepsy is the recurrent manifestation of seizures within a reasonable time frame and without being attributable to a reversible cause. …”
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Current Status of Plant-Based Bioactive Compounds as Therapeutics in Alzheimer’s Diseases by Dan Chen, Yun Sun

“…Numerous studies have shown that medicinal plants and their active ingredients can potentially mitigate AD by regulating various molecular mechanisms, including the production and aggregation of pathological proteins, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurogenesis, neurotransmission, and the brain-gut microbiota axis. In this review, we analyzed the pathogenesis of AD and comprehensively summarized recent advancements in research on medicinal plants for the treatment of AD, along with their underlying mechanisms and clinical evidence. …”
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Examining the epigenetic transmission of risk for chronic pain associated with paternal post-traumatic stress disorder: a focus on veteran populations by James Freeman, Sabrina Salberg, Melanie Noel, Richelle Mychasiuk

“…Hence, epigenetic changes related to pain perception, inflammation, and neurotransmission may influence an individual’s predisposition to chronic pain conditions. …”
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Altered microbiome and metabolome profiling in fearful companion dogs: An exploratory study. by Luigi Sacchettino, Michele Costanzo, Iolanda Veneruso, Valeria D'Argenio, Maria Mayer, Francesco Napolitano, Danila d'Angelo

“…Moreover, serum metabolomics documented significant alterations of molecules associated to GABA and glutamate neurotransmission in the patients, as well as bile acids metabolism. …”
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Molecular Findings Before Vision Loss in the Streptozotocin-Induced Rat Model of Diabetic Retinopathy by Mădălina Moldovan, Roxana-Denisa Capraș, Raluca Paşcalău, Gabriela Adriana Filip

“…In the first week, oxidative stress triggers the activation of retinal microglia, which produces inflammation, leading to altered neurotransmission. The second week is characterized by leukostasis, which promotes ischemia, while neural degeneration begins and is accompanied by a simultaneous increase in vessel permeability. …”
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α 2-Adrenoceptors: Challenges and Opportunities—Enlightenment from the Kidney by William A. Pettinger, Edwin K. Jackson

“…While investigating the role of α1-adrenoceptors (α1-ARs) versus α2-ARs in renal sympathetic neurotransmission, we noted an astonishing result: in the kidney α1-ARs suppress the postjunctional expression of α2-ARs. …”
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Recent Advances in the Pathogenesis of Syndromic Autisms by A. Benvenuto, B. Manzi, R. Alessandrelli, C. Galasso, P. Curatolo

“…Metabolic and mitochondrial defects may have toxic effects on the brain cells, causing neuronal loss and altered modulation of neurotransmission systems. Alterations of the neocortical excitatory/inhibitory balance and perturbations of interneurons' development represent the most probable pathogenetic mechanisms underlying the autistic phenotype in Fragile X-Syndrome and Tuberous Sclerosis Complex. …”
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Reduced Serum Butyrylcholinesterase Activity Indicates Severe Systemic Inflammation in Critically Ill Patients by Aleksandar R. Zivkovic, Karsten Schmidt, Annette Sigl, Sebastian O. Decker, Thorsten Brenner, Stefan Hofer

“…Systemic inflammation is an immune response to a nonspecific insult of either infectious or noninfectious origin and remains a challenge in the intensive care units with high mortality rate. Cholinergic neurotransmission plays an important role in the regulation of the immune response during inflammation. …”
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