Autophagy: An Overview of Molecular Mechanisms and Its Therapeutic Implications for Health and Disease by Hourolein Arab, Mohammad Reza Mofid, Mahboube Rahmati, Elahe Gharehkhani, Armin Mokhtariye, Mohammad Shokrzadeh

“…In-depth investigations into the molecular pathways regulating autophagy, particularly the mTOR and AMPK pathways, offer potential avenues for innovative treatments. …”
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Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Prospects of Immunotherapy and Targeted Therapy in Primary Central Nervous System Lymphoma by Lin Zhong MM, Anqing Lu MB, Xiyue Lu MM, Xiaoyin Liu MD, Lujia Cao MM, Shihong Zhu MM, SiJun Diao MM, Xu Cheng MM, Hongwei Wu MB, Jing Chen MD

“…With a deeper understanding of the pathophysiology of PCNSL, various therapies, including CD20 monoclonal antibodies, Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors, immunomodulatory drugs, immune checkpoint inhibitors, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3 K)/mammalian target of rapamycin(mTOR) inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) -T cells are increasingly being applied and have demonstrated considerable efficacy. …”
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Synergistic Effect of HAD-B1 and Osimertinib Against Gefitinib Resistant HCC827 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells by Eun-Ju Ko KMD, PhD, Eun-Bin Kwag PhD, Ji-Hye Park KMD, PhD, Sung-Hyuk Cho MS, So-Jung Park KMD, PhD, Mi-Kyung Jung KMD, PhD, In-Cheol Kang PhD, Hwa-Seung Yoo KMD, PhD

“…We found that the synergistic effect of osimertinib and HAD-B1 combination therapy resulted in cancer cell death and cell cycle arrest by targeting the ERK and mTOR signaling pathways. In conclusion, this study confirmed that the combination of osimertinib, a third-generation anticancer drug, and HAD-B1, a natural anticancer drug, had a potentially synergistic effect on non-small cell lung cancer resistant to EGFR-targeted anticancer drugs.…”
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Rapamycin Improves Palmitate-Induced ER Stress/NF κ B Pathways Associated with Stimulating Autophagy in Adipocytes by Jiajing Yin, Liping Gu, Yufan Wang, Nengguang Fan, Yuhang Ma, Yongde Peng

“…In present study, we examined the activity of rapamycin, a mTOR kinase inhibitor, against endoplasmic reticulum stress and inflammation in adipocytes. …”
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N-Acetylcysteine Attenuates Diabetic Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury through Inhibiting Excessive Autophagy by Sheng Wang, Chunyan Wang, Fuxia Yan, Tingting Wang, Yi He, Haobo Li, Zhengyuan Xia, Zhongjun Zhang

“…The results showed that cardiac levels of 15-F2t-Isoprostane were increased and that autophagy was evidenced as increases in ratio of LC3 II/I and protein P62 and AMPK and mTOR expressions were significantly increased in diabetic compared to nondiabetic rats, concomitant with increased postischemic myocardial infarct size and CK-MB release but decreased Akt and eNOS activation. …”
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A dynamic co-expression approach reveals Gins2 as a potential upstream modulator of HNSCC metastasis by Nasibeh Khayer, Samira Shabani, Maryam Jalessi, Mohammad Taghi Joghataei, Frouzandeh Mahjoubi

“…The results highlighted the “PI3K/AKT/mTOR (PAM) signaling pathway” as a disrupted pathway involved in the metastatic nature of HNSCC. …”
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3-Epi-betulinic acid 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (eBAG) induces autophagy by activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in hepatocellular carcinoma by Mengjie Liu, Xuqiang Liu, Kaiyue He, Yongping Jian, Yujia Li, Jinrong Guo, Jingyu Yang, Zhixiang Xu, Wenyi Kang

“…Application of eBAG mimicked cellular bioenergetics depletion leading to the reduction of intracellular ATP, activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and inhibition of mTOR. Co-treatment with compound C, an AMPK inhibitor, abrogated cell death induced by eBAG. …”
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Detection of The TNFSF Members BAFF, APRIL, TWEAK and Their Receptors in Normal Kidney and Renal Cell Carcinomas by Vassiliki Pelekanou, George Notas, Katerina Theodoropoulou, Marilena Kampa, Dimitrios Takos, Vassilia-Ismini Alexaki, Jelena Radojicic, Frank Sofras, Andreas Tsapis, Efstathios N. Stathopoulos, Elias Castanas

“…Therapeutic modalities targeting VEGF, PDGF, and c-kit using tyrosine kinase inhibitors and m-TOR using specific biologic factors are in development. …”
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Genetic mechanisms of the influence of light and phototransduction on Drosophila melanogaster lifespan by I. A. Solovev, M. V. Shaposhnikov, A. A. Moskalev

“…Over the long period of the evolution of light signal transduction systems, many mechanisms have emerged that allow to form an adequate response of the organism to illumination, modulating the highly conservative signaling cascades, including those associated with aging and lifespan (FOXO, SIRT1, NF-kB, mTOR/S6k, PPARa, etc). In this review, we consider the relationship between lifespan, photoregimens, and also the expression of the genes encoding the phototransduction cascade and the circadian oscillator elements of animal cells. …”
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CLOVES Syndrome: A Review of Clinical, Genetic, and Therapeutic Aspects by Julianna Podolec, Silvia Ciraolo, Joanna Wojda, Adam Sobiński, Zuzanna Kościuszko, Katarzyna Kurza, Agnieszka Kulczycka-Rowicka, Matylda Czerwonka, Katarzyna Lesiczka-Fedoryj, Anna Walczak

“…It focuses on the role of PIK3CA gene mutations, challenges in diagnosis, and treatment options, including PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors. Research Materials and Methods: This article is based on a review of the current literature and clinical reports from various sources. …”
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction: A Basic Mechanism in Inflammation-Related Non-Communicable Diseases and Therapeutic Opportunities by Anna Hernández-Aguilera, Anna Rull, Esther Rodríguez-Gallego, Marta Riera-Borrull, Fedra Luciano-Mateo, Jordi Camps, Javier A. Menéndez, Jorge Joven

“…Regulating mitochondrial function may require a multifaceted approach that includes drugs and plant-derived phenolic compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities that improve mitochondrial biogenesis and act to modulate the AMPK/mTOR pathway.…”
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A Peptide Analogue of Selectin Ligands Attenuated Atherosclerosis by Inhibiting Monocyte Activation by Zhishuai Ye, Shanfeng Zhang, Yubo Liu, Shujing Wang, Jianing Zhang, Rongchong Huang

“…Our results also revealed that IELLQAR inhibited the differentiation of monocytes into macrophages through P-selectin-dependent activation of the nuclear factor- (NF-) κB and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways. Conclusion. Collectively, our results demonstrated that IELLQAR, a peptide analogue of selectin ligands, inhibited selectin binding to monocytes, which led to subsequent attenuation of atherosclerosis via inhibition of monocyte activation. …”
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Dose-dependent effects of gamma radiation on the early zebrafish development and gene expression. by Selma Hurem, Leonardo Martín Martín, Dag Anders Brede, Eystein Skjerve, Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi, Ole Christian Lind, Terje Christensen, Vidar Berg, Hans-Christian Teien, Brit Salbu, Deborah Helen Oughton, Peter Aleström, Jan Ludvig Lyche

“…Ingenuity Pathway Analysis identified retinoic acid receptor activation, apoptosis, and glutathione mediated detoxification signaling as the most affected pathways in the lower dose rate (0.54 mGy/h), while eif2 and mTOR, i.e., involved in the modulation of angiogenesis, were most affected in higher dose rates (5.4 and 10.9 mGy/h). …”
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Identification of natural phytochemicals as AKT2 inhibitors using molecular docking and dynamics simulations as potential cancer therapeutics by Jibon Kumar Paul, Mahir Azmal, Md Naimul Haque Shohan, Mohua Mrinmoy, ANM Shah Newaz Been Haque, Omar Faruk Talukder, Ajit Ghosh

“…The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway is central in regulating key cellular processes such as proliferation, survival, metabolism, and angiogenesis. …”
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Iconography of abnormal non-neuronal cells in pediatric focal cortical dysplasia type IIb and tuberous sclerosis complex by Joyce Zhang, Deneen Argueta, Xiaoping Tong, Harry V. Vinters, Gary W. Mathern, Carlos Cepeda

“…These abnormal cells emerge during early brain development as a result of a hyperactive mTOR pathway and may express both neuronal and glial markers. …”
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An injectable shape-adaptive hydrogel system for subconjunctival injuries: In situ and permanently releases rapamycin to prevent fibrosis via promoting autophagy by Xue Sun, Haohao Cui, Jingfan Li, Boyuan An, Ruixing Liu, Zhihua Guo, Dandan Chu, Xingchen Geng, Bingbing Cui, Lei Zhu, Jingguo Li, Zhanrong Li

“…It is designed to promote autophagy by modulating the PI3K/AKT/mTOR/WIPI2 pathway, thereby inhibiting SCF. In vivo experiments utilizing a rat subconjunctival injury model indicated that in situ administration of this hydrogel system effectively inhibited SCF. …”
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Proteome differences of dental stem cells between permanent and deciduous teeth by data-independent acquisition proteomics by Zhang Suping, Liu Yuqing, Dong Jin, Jiao Min, Gu Yongchun, Chen Liling, Yuan Na, Wang Jianrong, Yang Dezhao, Meng Fanwen

“…These proteins are known to be involved in critical cellular processes such as mitochondrial energy metabolism, mTOR-related autophagy pathway, and innate immune response. …”
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Effects of Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei infection on intestinal immune defense and physiological processes of Penaeus vannamei by Zheng Cao, Chuanyu He, Zhipeng Yin, Caiyi Chen, Fan Li, Dongchun Yan, Ting Li, Linrui Chang, Lingjun Si

“…Moreover, the expression levels of key genes involved in nutrient absorption, transport and synthesis, such as glucose transporter 1, Na+-K+ATPase, fatty acid synthase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, rapamycin kinase, mTOR regulation-related protein, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein, ribosomal protein S6 kinase, were significantly up-regulated. …”
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Progress in Study of Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound Acting on Inflammation-Related Signaling Pathways in Knee Osteoarthritis by OUYANG Hui, LIN Xingjin, WANG Jinying, SHEN Longbin, WANG Chengdong

“…The therapeutic mechanisms reviewed as following: 1) LIPUS can reduce the inflammatory response by enhancing the autophagic pathway of macrophages in the synovial membrane and inhibiting the nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammatory vesicle pathway to reduce IL-1β production by macrophages; it can also acts through the classical wingless MMTV integration site family protein (Wnt)/β-linked protein signaling pathway on fibroblasts in the synovial membrane to inhibit synovial fibrosis. 2) LIPUS promotes chondrocyte production of extracellular matrix, regulates chondrocyte metabolism, and protects cartilage by inhibiting IL-1β -induced nuclear factor-activated B-cell κ light chain enhancer (NF-κB) signaling pathway and regulating mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) signaling pathway. 3) LIPUS protects cartilage by activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-protein kinase B (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathways to promote MSCs proliferation and differentiation, and also promotes transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) production by MSCs through the integral protein-target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway to promote cartilage formation. …”
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Vernolactone Promotes Apoptosis and Autophagy in Human Teratocarcinomal (NTERA-2) Cancer Stem-Like Cells by Nuwanka K. Abeysinghe, Ira Thabrew, Sameera R. Samarakoon, Meran K. Ediriweera, Kamani H. Tennekoon, Varuni P. C. Pathiranage, Anuka S. Mendis

“…Effects of vernolactone on the expression of autophagy-related genes (LC3, Beclin 1, PI3K, Akt, and mTOR) were evaluated using real-time PCR. 2,2-Diphenyl-1-2,2-diphenyl-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging assay, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging, and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were also carried out to evaluate the antioxidant activity of vernolactone. …”
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