Reidel’s Thyroiditis, a Diagnostic and Management Challenge: A Case Report and Review of the Literature by Yassine Er-Rahali, Mohammed Massine El Hammoumi, Jad Issouani, Colna Antonio Nfad, Souad El Moussaoui, El Hassane Kabiri, Ahmed Anass Guerboub

“…It may also be associated with different forms of systemic fibrotic disorders. The exact etiology is unknown, but currently, the most favorable opinion is that it is a localized form of the systemic fibrotic process. …”
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Diagnostics and treatment of chronic constipation in adults: clinical guidelines of the Russian gastroenterological association by V. T. Ivashkin, I. V. Mayev, A. A. Sheptulin, A. S. Trukhmanov, Ye. A. Poluektova, Ye. K. Baranskaya, O. S. Shifrin, T. L. Lapina, M. F. Osipenko, V. I. Simanenkov, I. B. Khlynov

“…To present the modern concept on etiology and pathogenesis of constipation, its classification, basic diagnostic and treatment methods to general practitioners. …”
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Dabie bandavirus and Mycoplasma pneumoniae co-infection: a case report by Yasi Tu, Miao Deng, Xueying Zhang, Tianxin Xiang, Daxian Wu

“…Conclusions We firstly reported a case with DBV and MP coinfection, which reminded us that the symptoms of DBV infection were bewildering and easy to miss diagnosis when it was co-infection with other etiologies.…”
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A Case of Myomatous Erythrocytosis Syndrome Associated with a Large Uterine Leiomyoma by Yosuke Ono, Takao Hidaka, Kaori Fukuta, Keiko Kouchi, Kuniaki Yasoshima, Kiyoshi Takagawa, Takashi Arai

“…Several etiologies have been proposed for erythrocytosis associated with uterine leiomyoma. …”
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Gastric Duplication: A Rare Cause of Recurrent Vomiting by Brahmananda Koduri, Katie McHale, Christina Yost, Michael H. Goodman, Dennis Hoelzer

“…Vomiting is a physical finding that can occur at any age but presents the greatest challenge when it is recurrent in a child. The etiology is varied (Sieunarine and Manmohansingh, 1989; Suzuki, 1982), and recurrent vomiting can be a symptom of life threatening medical or surgical emergencies. …”
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Endometriosis Gene Expression Heterogeneity and Biosignature: A Phylogenetic Analysis by Mones Abu-Asab, Ming Zhang, Dennis Amini, Nihad Abu-Asab, Hakima Amri

“…Endometriosis is a multifactorial disease with poorly understood etiology, and reflecting an evolutionary nature where genetic alterations accumulate throughout pathogenesis. …”
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Role of CFT and PCR in diagnosis of Chlamydia psittaci in experimentally infected rabbits by V. V. Evstifeev, F. M. Khusainov, S. I. Yakovlev, R. I. Shangaraev, V. I. Eremets

“…However, when pathological materials from theurogenital tractof theexperimentalanimals weretestedin polymerase chain reaction andin smear microscopy, it was impossibletoconfirm that thereisan etiological linkbetween сhlamydiaandkindlingproblems in experimental animals. …”
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Adult-Onset Woakes’ Syndrome: Report of a Rare Case by U. Schoenenberger, A. J. Tasman

“…Having been described over 130 years ago, the etiology of Woakes’ syndrome remains poorly understood. …”
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Cardiac Myxoma Presenting as Dyspnea after Cesarean Delivery by Allison Wyman, William Hurd, Justin Lappen

“…The differential diagnosis is broad and can represent a wide variety of underlying etiologies. Cardiac tumors are one of the rarest causes of dyspnea in a reproductive age women during the postpartum period. …”
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Bilateral Chylhotorax after Falling from Height by Vildan Akpinar, Fulya Yilmaz Duran, Elif Duman, Murat Yasar Özkalkanli, Özgür Duran, Burcu Horsanali

“…The treatment depends on its etiology, the amount of drainage, and the clinical picture. …”
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Preeclampsia in 2018: Revisiting Concepts, Physiopathology, and Prediction by J. Mayrink, M. L. Costa, J. G. Cecatti

“…The complexity of its etiology is a challenge and requires further studies for its full understanding. …”
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High Prevalence of Candida Yeast in Milk Samples from Cows Suffering from Mastitis in Poland by Bozena Dworecka-Kaszak, Alicja Krutkiewicz, Daniel Szopa, Miroslaw Kleczkowski, Malgorzata Biegańska

“…Mastitis is an economically important disease in which fungi belonging to the genus Candida may participate as etiological agents. This study focused on determining the frequency of fungal isolation and differentiation of fungal species isolated from milk of mastitic cows. …”
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An Overview of Diabetes Management in Schizophrenia Patients: Office Based Strategies for Primary Care Practitioners and Endocrinologists by Aniyizhai Annamalai, Cenk Tek

“…This paper reviews the prevalence, etiology, and treatment of diabetes in schizophrenia and outlines office based interventions for physicians treating this vulnerable population.…”
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An 11-Year-Old Male with Refractory Osteomyelitis by Clifford T. Mauriello, Ole A. Raustol, Maria A. Aguiar, Kenji M. Cunnion

“…This case illustrates that clinicians must remain vigilant for warning signs that empiric treatment may be failing for presumptive Staphylococcus aureus, provoking reconsideration of the differential diagnosis and an intensification of efforts to evaluate for alternative etiologies.…”
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An Undiagnosed Case of Hypothalamic Hamartoma with a Rare Presentation by Shervin Badihian, Saeideh Bahrani, Nasim Tabrizi, Houshang Moein, Mohammad Zare, Majid Barekatain, Reza Basiratnia, Elham Rahimian, Amirali Mehvari Habibabadi, Payam Moein, Jafar Mehvari Habibabadi

“…In this case, the underlying etiology of seizures was diagnosed after 25 years. …”
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Oral submucous fibrosis: pathogenesis and therapeutic approaches by Jianfei Tang, Junjie Liu, Zekun Zhou, Xinyan Cui, Hua Tu, Jia Jia, Baike Chen, Xiaohan Dai, Ousheng Liu

“…In this review, we briefly introduce the epidemiology and etiology of OSF. Then, we highlight how cell-intrinsic changes in significant structural cells can drive fibrotic response by regulating biological behaviors, secretion function, and activation of ECM-producing myofibroblasts. …”
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Diving into Diagnostic Complexity: A Case Study of Spontaneous Hemothorax by Maryam Sarkhosh, Atiyeh Sadat Sajadi, Omid Moradi Moghaddam, Parisa Moradi Majd

“…Spontaneous cases, although rare, pose diagnostic challenges due to diverse etiologies such as coagulation disorders, vascular anomalies, and neoplastic diseases. …”
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Ocular manifestations of COVID-19 by Sandra Saray Quignón Santana, Osbel Alfonso Sánchez, Sandra Alfonso Quignón, Talía Alfonso Quignón

“…The Sars-Cov-2 virus, the etiological agent of Covid-19, causes systemic and ocular manifestations in humans. …”
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Arteriojejunal Fistula Presenting with Recurrent Obscure GI Hemorrhage in a Patient with a Failed Pancreas Allograft by Nirmit Desai, Sagar Patel, Chinyere Nwosu, Lok Sung, Carl Tack, Jonathan M. Buscaglia, Edward P. Nord, Nand K. Wadhwa

“…Over the course of a week, she presented with recurrent GI bleeds of obscure etiology. Multiple esophago-gastro-duodenoscopic (EGD) and colonoscopic evaluations failed to reveal the source of the hemorrhage. …”
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Pelvic Tuberculosis Diagnosed during Operative Laparoscopy for Suspected Ovarian Cancer by Daniel Martingano, Kayla Cagle-Colon, Jeanine Chiaffarano, Alan Marcus, Diana Contreras

“…While the combination of a pelvic mass, very high serum level of CA-125, chest adenopathy, and ascites is concerning for advanced-stage ovarian cancer, the etiology of such a presentation can be due to disseminated pelvic tuberculosis. …”
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